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Republicanism is a political ideology centred on the idea that sovereignty belongs to the people rather than being ruled by a hereditary monarchy, emphasising community participation.

Classical republicanism began with Aristotle who said the aim of republicanism is to promote the flourishing and collective wellbeing of all citizens and that citizenship is an active duty rather than a passive status. It re-emerged as a political philosophy in England during the 17th Century emphasising the common good over individual desires.

Classical republicanism began with Aristotle who said republicanism is to promote the flourishing and collective wellbeing of all citizens, and citizenship is an active duty rather than a passive status. It re-emerged as a political philosophy dur in England during the 17th Century. It emphasises the common good over individual desires. the 17th Century in England.

Modern republicanism focuses on the protection of individual rights and the obligation of citizens to have civic virtue, emphasising civic duty and community well being.

According to a report, Senegal’s president Bassirou Faye has sacked prime minister Osman Sonko and dissolved the government following criticism during a parliamentary session on Tuesday regarding Mr Faye’s approach to Senegal’s debt crisis.

Reportedly. in 2024 Senegal disclosed unreported debts, said to be up to $13 billion, and an audit initiated by Mr Faye discovered substantial concealed loans amassed between 2019-2024. According to the report, talks with the imf are expected to resume around June 8 with an agreement being reached by June 30.

Reportedly, the imf have frozen Senegal’s $1.8 billion lending programme saying the country’s debt has reached an estimated s43 billion, 32% of their general domestic product.

According to the report, since 2024 Senegal has an off shore oil and gas project operated by Woodside Energy and state owned Petrosebn. Reportedly, gold is one of the country’s top exports.

Buddhism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the buddha Siddhartya Gautama. who lived in ancient India during the 6th or 5th Century bc.

Buddhism focuses on achieving the ultimate state of nirvana by getting rid of hatred and cravings through meditation, ethical living and the cultivation of wisdom. Said to lead to a liberation from karma.

Pope Framcis, the first jesuit pope headed the catholic church from 2013 until his death in 2025. The jesuits are involved in humanitarian works in 112 countries, having a connection to the liberation theology movement which focused on the poor and social injustice, revolutionising christian thought by interpreting the gospel message as a practical political mandate to feed the poor..

The movement emerged within the catholic church in Latin America in the 1960s as a response to widespread systemic social inequality, and analysed the root cause of poverty leading to political activism, which wasn’t popular with all. Pope John Paul opposed the movement, terming it Marxist, but Pope Francis revived it with an emphasis on feeding the poor.

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The catholic church didn’t recognise Israel until 1993 when the fundamental agreement between the Vatican and Israel was established, recognising the process of reconciliation leading to diplomatic relations in mutual understanding and friendship.

In the agreement Israel confirms their commitment to maintain christian places of interest, and the document iincludes a declaration on religious freedom and conscience as set forth in the universal declaration of human rights, and a commitment to combat antisemitism and religious intolerance.

In 2006 there was a formal treaty between the vatican and palestinians focusing on civil rights, property and operational freedom of the church in palestinian territories.

The catholic church, along with a broad international consensus are in favour of a two state solution though inhabitants of Samaria and Gaza are considered by some to be two distinct sub-cultures. Possibly stemming from geographical separation, differing historical administrations and diverse demographics.

According to a report, Abu-Bilal al-Minuki, described as second in command of islamic state globally has been killed along with several lieutenants in a strike by the u.s. and Nigeria in a compound in Lake Chad in the early hours of Saturday.

Reportedly, around 90% of recent islamic state attacks have taken place in the Sahel and west Africa with the u.s. saying the Sahel has become too strategic to ignore. The region is rich in gold and oil.

According to a report, colleagues of british prime minister and Labour leader sir Keir Starmer say they have lost confidence in his ability to lead them forward, with four ministers resigning and atleast 80 ministers urging him to quit.

Reportedly, criticism from within the party concerned a lack of bold action and values driven leadership. According to the report, following Labour’s poor results in the uk general election on May 7 some ministers were of thr opinion that the public had lost trust in Mr Starmer because of things like the termination of the winter fuel allowance.

Reform, founded in 2018 as the brexit party won the most seats in the election, winning 1454 seats in total. Labour won only 1,068 seats, losing 1,100. The Liberal democrats won 142 more seats winning a total of 844 seats. Conservatives lost 433 seats winning 801 seats and the Greens won 393 more seats making a total of 587.

Some israeli political groups are in favour of a greater Israel similar to the time of King David who went to war and expanded Israel’s borders, annexing parts of Jordan, Syria’s Golan heights, Egypt’s Sinai peninsula and Philistia or modern day Gaza.

The philistines were known as sea people who were said to be from greek islands in the Aegan Sea. They fought in Egypt but were defeated and settled in what is now Gaza around the 12th Century bc. They were deported to what is now Iraq in 604 bc during the neo-Babylonian empire. They may have been assimilated but it is possible that they returned to Gaza.

Israel have occupied and administered the majority of the Golan heights since the 6 day war in 1967 when they fought Egypt, Syria and Jordan, taking back Samaria and east Jerusalem from Jordan and annexing the Golan heights and Egypt’s Sinai peninsula, though they withdrew from the Sinai in 1982. They withdrew from Gaza in 2005 .

The King James version was translated from the original text of the hebrew bible and the greek of the new testament in 1604 as was the Jerusalem bible which was first published in 1956, the new international version (1978) and the english standard version (2001).

The Jerusalem bible contains 7 extra books, mainly historical which Jewish scholars don’t classify as divine, possibly because characters in books like the Maccabees were seen as too extreme.

The Thompson chain reference bible is popular acrosst various denominations and is good for study because it contains topic reference chains and an archaeological section. It is available in multiple versions.

During thr 4th Century ordinary time the universal christlan church began to debate the idea of Jesus in relation to the father, with one side of the debate believing that Jesus is subordinate to the father and the other that the father, Jesus and the holy spirit are as three distinct parts sharing one nature. This idea of the trinity won , but regarding the status of Jesus in relation to the father, is the idea of who is better than who polite?