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According to a report, the u.s. justice department is preparing to indict former cuban leader Raùl Castro in connection to an incident that occurred in 1996 when he was armed forces minister. Reportedly, the cuban military shot down two aircraft belonging to a group of cuban exiles who were part of the u.s. activist non profit organisation, brothers to the rescue. According to the report, the group were opposed to the cuban government and had connections to the cia.

Reportedly, the u.s. president said at a recent rally the u.s. wants to change Cuba’s communist leadership and that they would be taking over Cuba. According to reports, Raùl Castro, brother of Fidel, retired in 2021 and was succeeded by current president Miguel Diaz-Canel, the first leader who isn’t a member of the Castro family since 1959.

Reportedly, the director of the cia met cuban officials including Raùl Castro’s grandson, Raùl Guillerimo in Havana in May and a cia spokesman said they were prepared to engage on economic and security issues, but only if Cuba make fundamental changes. According to the report, Cuba who are facing a financial crisis and massive external debt due to comprehensive u.s. sanctions have received $100m in aid to counteract the effects of a 6 month oil blockade imposed by the u.s.

Reportedly, The republic of Cuba have only one ruling party, the communist party of Cuba. Communism is said to differ from socialism with regard to the prohibition of property ownership and free enterprise. According to reports, cubans have had the right to own their own home since 2011, and a new constitution in July allows free enterprise.

According to a report, the u.s. president met the president of China on a state visit to Beijing, concluding Friday and was urged not to support Taiwan which China wants to claim as part of their territory. Reportedly, the u.s. is bound by the Taiwan relations act of 1979 to provide Taiwan with weapons of defence but the u.s. president has joined Beijing in warning Taiwan against declaring independence, though the the island is already independent, making a declaration unnecessary.

According to reports, a preliminary hearing of the public enquiry into the murder of Belfast lawyer Pat Finucane began Wednesday and is expected to resume in September. Reportedly, in 1989 members of the Ulster defence regiment burst into his home while he was eating dinner with his wife and children and shot him 14 times, killing him.

Reportedly, Mr Finucane studied law at Trinity college Dublin and wanted to help the marginalised. According to reports, he became known for challenging the british government on behalf of imprisoned hunger strikers who were convicted of various paramilitary related offences, and for his involvement in cases entailling the shooting of civillians by security forces.

Reportedly, several previous examinations of the case found there was state collusion, and in December 2012 the then serving british prime minister apologised, but no further action was taken. According to reports, one person was convicted of the murder, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 22 years in prison but was released after less than 3 years.

According to a report, the ulster defence regiment is a loyalist paramilitary organisation who’s stated aim was to defend loyalist areas and combat republicanism. Reportedly, in 1992 the udr amalgamated with the royal Irish rangers. According to reports, modern paramilitary groups are now entrenched in the drug trade. Reportedly, the south of Ireland is facing a drug crisis and drugs such as heroine, cocaine and crack cocaine are weaponised as tools for political power and control. According to some, drugs are transported from the north to southern Ireland and the south of Ireland is facing a drug crisis of unprecedented levels.

According to a report, hezbollah, a shia muslim militant group in the republic of Lebanon hold 14 of the 128 parliamentary seats. Reportedly, they were first voted in in 1992 following the Lebanese civil war which ended in 1990.

According to a report, from 1920 to 1943 Lebanon was administered by a league of nations mandate granted to France. Reportedly, following the second world war, zionist forces conquered around 78% of the british mandate for Palestine, leading to the expulsion and flight of over 700,000 palestinians with up to 130,000 migrating to Lebanon.

According to a report, during the 60s, Lebanon experienced a golden era of economic prosperity, but by 1967 palestinians were fighting with christians, and an alliance between palestinian and Lebanese muslims resulted in an end to the christian dominated government.

According to a report, the Lebanese civil war began in 1975 because of opposing ideological and religilous factions between sunni muslims who mainly live in coastal areas, shia muslims who mainly live in southern Lebanon, the site of the conflict with Israel, and christians who make up over 30% of the population, and dominated parliament.

Reportedly, Israel invaded the country in 1978 and 1982 in response to palestinian attacks from southern Lebanon. According to a report, hezbollah was formed in 1982 and comprises of sunni muslims such as palestinians and hamas, and shia factions.

Reportedly, the present conflict began when hezbollah launched a rocket attack following the assasination of ayatollah Khomeini in February. According to a report, Israel now occupies 608 square km of southern Lebanon including the Hasbani and Litani rivers, important water sources. Reportedly, fighting broke out between Israel and Lebanon during the 1960s over arab plans to divert these rivers away from Israel. According to reports, the Lebanese parliament have proposed a ceasefire deal but the israeli prime minister said he wouldn’t seek government approval until hezbollah agree to the terms.

Republicanism is a political ideology centred on the idea that sovereignty belongs to the people rather than being ruled by a hereditary monarchy, emphasising community participation.

Classical republicanism began with Aristotle who said the aim of republicanism is to promote the flourishing and collective wellbeing of all citizens and that citizenship is an active duty rather than a passive status. It re-emerged as a political philosophy in England during the 17th Century emphasising the common good over individual desires.

Classical republicanism began with Aristotle who said republicanism is to promote the flourishing and collective wellbeing of all citizens, and citizenship is an active duty rather than a passive status. It re-emerged as a political philosophy dur in England during the 17th Century. It emphasises the common good over individual desires. the 17th Century in England.

Modern republicanism focuses on the protection of individual rights and the obligation of citizens to have civic virtue, emphasising civic duty and community well being.

According to a report, Senegal’s president Bassirou Faye has sacked prime minister Osman Sonko and dissolved the government following criticism during a parliamentary session on Tuesday regarding Mr Faye’s approach to Senegal’s debt crisis.

Reportedly. in 2024 Senegal disclosed unreported debts, said to be up to $13 billion, and an audit initiated by Mr Faye discovered substantial concealed loans amassed between 2019-2024. According to the report, talks with the imf are expected to resume around June 8 with an agreement being reached by June 30.

Reportedly, the imf have frozen Senegal’s $1.8 billion lending programme saying the country’s debt has reached an estimated s43 billion, 32% of their general domestic product.

According to the report, since 2024 Senegal has an off shore oil and gas project operated by Woodside Energy and state owned Petrosebn. Reportedly, gold is one of the country’s top exports.

Buddhism is a religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the buddha Siddhartya Gautama. who lived in ancient India during the 6th or 5th Century bc.

Buddhism focuses on achieving the ultimate state of nirvana by getting rid of hatred and cravings through meditation, ethical living and the cultivation of wisdom. Said to lead to a liberation from karma.

Pope Framcis, the first jesuit pope headed the catholic church from 2013 until his death in 2025. The jesuits are involved in humanitarian works in 112 countries, having a connection to the liberation theology movement which focused on the poor and social injustice, revolutionising christian thought by interpreting the gospel message as a practical political mandate to feed the poor..

The movement emerged within the catholic church in Latin America in the 1960s as a response to widespread systemic social inequality, and analysed the root cause of poverty leading to political activism, which wasn’t popular with all. Pope John Paul opposed the movement, terming it Marxist, but Pope Francis revived it with an emphasis on feeding the poor.

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The catholic church didn’t recognise Israel until 1993 when the fundamental agreement between the Vatican and Israel was established, recognising the process of reconciliation leading to diplomatic relations in mutual understanding and friendship.

In the agreement Israel confirms their commitment to maintain christian places of interest, and the document iincludes a declaration on religious freedom and conscience as set forth in the universal declaration of human rights, and a commitment to combat antisemitism and religious intolerance.

In 2006 there was a formal treaty between the vatican and palestinians focusing on civil rights, property and operational freedom of the church in palestinian territories.

The catholic church, along with a broad international consensus are in favour of a two state solution though inhabitants of Samaria and Gaza are considered by some to be two distinct sub-cultures. Possibly stemming from geographical separation, differing historical administrations and diverse demographics.

According to a report, Abu-Bilal al-Minuki, described as second in command of islamic state globally has been killed along with several lieutenants in a strike by the u.s. and Nigeria in a compound in Lake Chad in the early hours of Saturday.

Reportedly, around 90% of recent islamic state attacks have taken place in the Sahel and west Africa with the u.s. saying the Sahel has become too strategic to ignore. The region is rich in gold and oil.