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Mauritania has a long history of french influence and according to reports is considered part of the Sahel and the Arab maghred. The Sahel which translates to shore is a corridor which stretches from the Sudan, through Chad, Nigeria, Niger, Mali, Burkino Faso and Senegal. According to a report, since 1999 Mali’s main export has been gold.

Reportedly in July 2021 France said they would halve their military presence in the region by early 2022, and some bases in Mali would close to be followed by a european special forces presence in Niger. According to a report Niger holds France’s main source of uranium for its nuclear industry.

Reportedly past problems have been massacres and the poisoning of wells. According to a report many in Burkino Faso, Mali and Niger are facing displacement and hunger. A major problem reported in the Sahel is land degradation leading to no food. In September 2020 the eu pledged €1.7 billion in humanitarian support.

According to reports, Ireland, the Netherlands and Belgium have low corporate tax rates for multinationals which have resulted in some discord within the eu. In the case of Apple, resulted in a court case as eu tax was said to have been evaded.

According to a report it was suggested by the eu competition commisioner in 2016 that Ireland may not see all of tax owed if Apple choose to pay larger amounts to its u.s. headquarters. Reportedly a court ruling in Luxembourg said there was not enough evidence to show Apple had minimised its tax bill. According to reports the case was appealed by Ireland in 2020 but most of the revenue collected in 2018 following directions by the commission is being kept in the custody of a third party until a final verdict is reached.

Reportedly Ireland has a 12.5% corporate tax rate, one of the lowest in Europe and nearly a third lower than the u.s. rate of 35%. Has resulted in companies such as animal testing laboratories and pharmaceuticals who dump chemical waste in their local environment.

Reportedly according to an internal computer system designed to monitor emergency calls, a number of calls were cancelled by gardai last year. According to the report an internal enquiry has been launched but focuses only on 3000 calls concerning domestic abuse though an unspecified number of calls relating to other crimes were cancelled.

Reportedly as part of the enquiry, superintendants or inspectors were asked to identify gardai responsible for taking the cancelled 999 calls, and callers about domestic abuse were contacted to ascertain gardai response ahead of the garda commissioner’s appearance before the policing authority on Thursday.

According to a report, Gabriel Makhlouf governor of the Central Bank of Ireland since September 2019 said post pandemic price growth is transitory but the current supply bottlenecks affecting many businesses and sectors could be prolonged. Reportedly Makhlouf, a British economist has been governor of the central bank since September 2019. According to the report he was previously secretary to the New Zealand treasury, and private secretary to Gordon Brown when he was Chancellor of the exchequer.

Ireland’s post pandemic debt is believed to total €241.6 billion for 2021. A 10% increase on last year. Reportedly in some cases only first or second year interest rates were specified.

Reportedly Islamic state has claimed responsibility for a series of bombings in Jalalabad over the weekend killing eight people. According to the report three more explosions were heard in the city on Monday.

According to autobiographical details Gerry Adams was detained by the British military and subject to enhanced interrogation. When freed he moved south of the border and became involved in the Corrib oil and gas venture on behalf of land owners on the pipeline route.

Reportedly Shell E &P Ireland bought 45% of shares in Corrib. Another share holder was Statoil exploration Ltd supported by the Irish government. According to a report, Corrib gas, discovered in 1996 was to supply up to 60% of Ireland’s natural gas needs. The enterprise was subject to protests and delays. There were environmental protests even during ongoing global wars for oil, and according to Gerry Adams’ autobiographical book which began before the beginning of the peace process then abruptly moved to southern Ireland, the pipes were unsafe and moving around. According to official data, the pipeline met or exceeded Irish and international standards, and safety criteria of An board pleanála the independent planning authority. Reportedly the Corrib oil and gas project was subject to threats, intimidation, delays and legal proceedings. According to reports Shell who became Royal Dutch Shell in 2005 said they lost €140 million on the project in 2016, and sold in 2017/18. Sinn Fein who were accused of hijacking the Corrib oil enterprise were seen to stir up discord against a project that would have been good for Ireland. News of an increase in home fuel prices could be due to a monopoly.

Reportedly a three day period of mourning began in Algeria on Saturday for former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika. According to reports, in his youth he fought against french colonialism in the french Algerian war. Reportedly in 1962, the Évian accords, a 93 page peace agreement allowed France to facilitate underground nuclear testing in the Sahara, and maintain french interests such as commercial primacy and control over western Sahara oil reserves. Sonatrach was established in 1963 following negotiations aimed at solving post colonial problems. Reportedly France owned up to 67.5%.

According to reports, in 1965 Bouteflika took part in a coup against the first president of Algeria, Ahmed Ben Bella. Reportedly a problem was that oil was Algeria’s only revenue. Algeria has several oil fields. In 1967 according to a report the government nationalised the oil and gas industry; Esso and Mobile left but Total remained.

The Algerian civil war lasted from 1991-2002. Reportedly, factors were the state’s diminishing role in the economy, oil revenue and the ascent of an islamic state political party. Jihad and sunni factions reinforced by armed islamic state groups fought government forces for control. According to reports there were civilian massacres, murder and attacks on some who wanted to leave the gia, an armed group, or engage with the government. The democratic national rally, still in power won the 1998 elections and Abdelaziz Bouteflika became president in 1998. Reportedly the ais, an armed Islamic group called a unilateral truce and an amnesty law was said to have resulted in a decline of violent incidents.

According to reports Bouteflika represented the party’s right wing, being open to economic reform and rapprochement with the west, though relations with Morrocco suffered due to the western Sahara. Reportedly he wanted to curtail the national debt. The 2005 hydrocarbon law oversaw Algeria’s oil industry and resulted in protests. It was amended in 2006, other amendments since. Last amended in 2020, reportedly under the surveillance of the ministry for the environment and the ministry of hydrocarbons, law 13-19 states existing contracts cannot be renewed.

According to reports Abdeaziz Bouteflika had health problems since 2013, he went abroad for treatment but his health gradually declined. He passed away on 17 September.

Reportedly United Russia hold the majority of seats in the state Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia. Other parties in place are the Liberal democratic party of Russia, the cprf, the srzp/A Just Russia, the all-Russian political party and the civic platform. According to reports Russian elections which began on Friday and end Sunday will not affect Vladimir Putin’s presidency. Kremlin critics, protestors and pressure groups are reportedly barred from standing in the election where voters will choose 450 state deputies and regional parliaments.

According to a report civil rights advocate Lena Litvinovich is running in the election. She was said to have created Russia’s first political website in the late nineteen nineties. Reportedly she became a consultant, has worked with Vladimir Putin and took part in his 2000 election campaign.

According to reports, following the end of the cold war in 1991 some saw Putin as a stabilising figure. Portrayed as pro western, relations with the west are said to have suffered due to wars in Iraq, Syria and Lebanon, and the annexing of the Crimenean peninsula in 2014 which lead to economic sanctions. The Russian government seemingly spend a great amount on nuclear and military programmes, though according to a recent poll four out of ten people struggle to buy basic groceries.

Critics have reportedly been labelled foreign agents which may be true in some cases. Complaints about the arrest and detention of critics has met with international disapproval. Possible repercussions are said to be oppressive obligatory declarations and financial reporting and being dropped by insurers or satellite providers. Protestors have been accused of lacking a coherent political programme.

Irish aid, the Irish government’s programme for overseas development have reportedly funded bursaries for a fifth of the 657 pupils in a boarding school in northern Uganda, reportedly includes school fees, pocket money and necessities. One of the recipients who said she had grown up around people debilitated by malaria wants to be a doctor. According to reports, access to a clean water supply is key to curing hunger and disease. Wateraid Africa help communities access clean water for crops and homes.

The conflict in northern Ireland began with the civil rights movement. Protests were organised against discrimination in areas of housing and jobs which met with government suppression. British troops were reportedly deployed in 1969.

The popular nationalist party during the conflict were the social democratic labour party, notable for their rejection of violence. The sdlp were party to the Sunningdale agreement, an attempt to establish a power sharing northern Ireland executive, and a cross border council of Ireland. Reportedly the n. Ireland assembly was established in 1973. The power sharing executive in 74 was made up of the Ulster unionist party, the sdlp and the Alliance party. The sdlp won nineteen of the seventy five seats. Reportedly the power share collapsed after four months, said to be due to continued protests from the unionists.

The sdlp played a role in the peace process which lead to the Belfast agreement of 1998, possibly unpopular with nationalists. Reportedly there was a 69.8% turn out in the June 1998 elections. According to documentation the Ulster unionist party won 28 seats, sdlp 24, Sinn fein 18 and Alliance 6. The sdlp are in favour of a united Ireland. Reported problems were accusations of gerrymandering and conflict between unionists and the Irish government.