Reportedly one of the soviet’s greatest concerns during the cold war was u.s. aircraft carriers, warships used as an airbase. According to reports the Oscar fleet of cruise missiles were designed to attack nato aircraft carriers. Russia reportedly joined nato in 1991. Several third generation Oscar II submarines were built from 1985-99. Russia who are permanent members of the u.n. security council are reportedly no longer with nato. According to reports they have an extensive Pacific fleet of nuclear submarines, anti-submarine and missile ships and a northern fleet with sites in the Arctic where there were numerous nuclear explosions documented until the late eighties.
According to reports nuclear activity is prohibited in the Antarctic according to the 1959 Antartic treaty. Reportedly ozone depletion over Antartica has significantly declined since the 1980’s. The dumping of nuclear waste in the Arctic was said to be having an impact on human health and the environment. Ozone depletion according to a report in May 2020 was at an unprecedented level. According to the Yabkolov report, 1992 there was evidence of the dumping of nuclear waste in the Kara sea north of Siberia, in the sea of Japan and near the Kamchatka peninsula in the Russian far east, evidence of extensive low level liquid waste discharge and serious problems with nuclear fuelling vessels in the Russian north and far east.
According to reports a fire on the nuclear submarine, the Kursk in 2000 may have been caused by a torpedo exploding due to faulty welding. Reportedly a letter found in the pocket of a member of the crew revealed that some members survived the first explosion and were trapped for hours if not days. Reportedly several nations offered to help with rescue efforts but the Russian government refused. According to a report British and Norwegian divers explored the wreck nine days later but there were no survivors. The disaster was said to have shaped Russia’s political system.
The u.n. sponsored treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons was reportedly established to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. It was signed in 1968 by the usa, soviet union and the uk, and since ratified by others. According to published data, among the signatories of the nuclear non proliferation treaty the usa have 1,700 deployed and 5,550 total nuclear warheads; Russia have 1,600 deployed and 6,257 in total; China unknown; France 280 deployed, 290 actual; the uk 120 deployed 225 actual.