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Reportedly, Somalia was colonised in the late 19th Century primarily as a route to other African nations. According to the report, the land was divided into two colonies, the british Somaliland protectorate and italian Somaliland. Reportedly, Britain conquered italian Somaliland during the second world war and administered both territories militarily. According to a report, a major clan during the british protectorate was the Isaac clan who trace their lineage to Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed, an arab islamic scholar who travelled to Somalia. Islam was probably introduced during the late 9th Century. Reportedly, during the british protectorate an alliance was made with a Somali youth group that evolved into a western style political government.

According to reports, the major tribe in the north is the Majeerteens. Reportedly, in 1949 italian Somaliland in the south became a u.n. trusteeship territory and went far, british Somaliland was neglected. According to the u.n., disparities in economic growth, and opportunities for education and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it became time to integrate the two parts.

Reportedly, the u.n. have been engaged in Somalia since 1960, the year the u.n. trust territory of Somaliland and the former british Somaliland united to form the republic of Somalia. Reportedly, a government was formed by members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments.

According to reports, in 1969 the second president of the Somalian republic, Abdirashid Shermarke was assassinated. Reportedly, the Somali national movement stormed the capital of Mogadishu, seized key government buildings and ordered the resignation of the country’s leaders. Siad Barre, leader of the snm became president, According to reports, members of the Isaaq group were removed from positions of authority, and between 1987-89 200,000 members of the Isaaq tribe were killed.

Reportedly, infighting in 1988-90 resulted in u.n. military observers. According to a report, unisom 1 failed because some troops refused to carry out orders. Reportedly, the u.n. secretary general led a senior team to negotiations and support for a ceasefire was expressed by all factions. According to the report, unitaf, a u.s led unified task force in Somalia were charged with carrying out u.n. resolution 794 creating a protected environment for humanitarian aid in the south of the country. Reportedly, evolved into unosom 2 who told they would ensure a secure environment throughout Somalia. According to the report, the u.n. were accused of abandoning its neutral role in Somalia. Reportedly, clashes between unosom and the Somali national army led to enforced disarmament. According to the report, an enquiry told that the u.n. intervention was mismanaged. Reportedly, the u.n. security council voted unanimously to withdraw all forces, though the u.n. are still engaged in Somalia.

According to a report, the ongoing war has caused hundreds of thousands of civilians to flee their homes, almost 4.5 million have suffered from malnutrition, an estimated 300,000 people have died since 1991 and almost a million have sought refuge in other countries.

Former pope Benedict has died at the age of 95. Reportedly he was the first pope to resign since pope Gregory XII was superceded in 1318. According to a report, the only other pope to resign was Celestine V in 1249 whose successor Boniface imprisoned him and negated all his decrees except one allowing a pope to resign.

Reportedly, Pope Benedict died at 8.30 on the morning of December 31. Reportedly, his body will lie in state in St Peter’s basilica from Monday, and his funeral will be held at 8.30 am on January 5.

According to a report, during the second world war Joseph Ratzinger, didn’t want to be involved with the killing of jewish people and went absent without leave. Reportedly, he was ordained as a priest in Bavaria in 1951 and following ordination he studied theology, becoming a professor. According to reports, he became arch bishop of Munich and Friesing and after a long career in several universities he was made cardinal by pope Paul VI. Reportedly, he presided over the college of cardinals, the majority of whom are eligible to vote for a new pope. Benedict was a writer. In one of his books he spoke about salvation by good works. He was succeded by pope Francis who is ecumemical.

According to the german chancellor Germany is doing everything it can to defend and foster an international world order based on the principles of the u.n. charter.

Reportedly, the u.n. office for west Africa has merged into the office of the special envoy for the Sahel (oses). According to reports, mass protests in Chad in October has resulted in 260 people being jailed.

Reportedly, Idriss Déby ruled Chad from 1990. According to a report, oil exploitation in 2003 resulted in civil war, and Idriss Déby modified the constitution to remove the two term limit on the presidency. Reportedly, he died during an offensive by the front for change and concord in Chad following the 2021 presidential election.

According to a report, Chad is one of the leading figures in a west African coalition in the fight against the anti western Boko harem. Reportedly their gdp is us$11.78 billion. According to a report, they mainly produce gold, uranium and oil, oil being Chad’s primary source of revenue, 90% is exported. Reportedly, Chad is the seventh poorest country in the world, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line. According to a report, the problem is a failure to promote or encourage Chadian industrialisation, and uneven inclusion in the global political economy.

According to reports, twenty five people have been arrested across Germany on suspicion of plotting a coup. Reportedly, the suspects are made up of ex-military nationalists who were in contact with russian officials.

According to the report, some suspects came from the QAnon movement who believe secret powers are pulling political strings. Reportedly, another group, the Reichsbürger group may be linked to a theory that covid 19 is part of a plot to control populations. According to the report, may have links to a group that plotted to kidnap the german health minister in April.

According to a report, the fine Gael government nearly collapsed as a result of the garda whistling blowing scandal. Reportedly, in 2014 material was revealed from two members of garda síochána to a confidential recipient via computer which led to an investigation into a list of complaints about alleged misdeamenors, mainly trifling.

According to the report, the minister for justice and equality resigned and his successor who was deputy head of government announced the establishment of a commission of investigation. Reportedly, Fianna fail called for a general election which didn’t happen. According to the report, the deputy head of government resigned as did the garda commissioner and a new policing authority was established.

According to reports, the Dáil will have to sit on Saturday December 17 to vote Leo Varadker in as taoiseach. Reportedly, the date has been postponed in order for Micheál Martin to attend a meeting of the european council.

According to reports, Leo Varadker was elected leader of fine Gael in June 2017 beating Simon Coveney who had the support of more fine Gael members. Reportedly, he was elected taoiseach in a 50-58 vote with 47 abstentions. One of Leo Varadker’s first acts of taoiseach was to announce a referendum on abortion. According to reports, during Brexit talks he said he had received guarantees from the uk that there would be no hard border between the republic and northern Ireland. Reportedly, in January 2017 he said he was standing firm on the absence of a hard border. The concept of a british united Ireland may have been an idea. In the 2020 elections Fianna fail won 38 seats, sinn fein won 37 seats and fine Gael 35. Fianna fail, known as the republican party formed a coalition with fine Gael and the green party.

According to a report, in February 2021 Ulster bank announced a phased withdrawal within the republic. Reportedly, Ulster bank who are closing in March 2023 are writing to their customers to ask them to close their accounts. According to the report, the bank group is subdivided into national westminster bank operating in northern Ireland and Ulster bank Ireland designated activity company who may only carry out activities listed in their constitutional documents. Legislation for British banks differs from eu legislation. Major differences of opinion such as legalities regarding seizure of assets lead to Brexit.

According to a report, the financial services union opposed compulsory redundancies. Reportedly, 600 staff are taking redundancy, the others are being relocated. Reportedly, Ulster bank staff who are members of the fsu voted in favour of transferring to the aib, more than 160 have moved. According to a report, some may be going to the permanent tsb who are acquiring 25 branches. Reportedly, the aib acquired a €4.2 billion portfolio of Ulster bank’s performing commercial loans and a performing Ulster bank tracker mortgage portfolio worth an expected €5.7 billion.

Reportedly, a ballot regarding the transfer of Ulster bank staff to the aib was said to be in favour though results weren’t divulged. According to the report, the fsu who negotiated on behalf of its members in the Ulster bank said the agreement highlights the differences in benefits available to the uk owned banks.

According to reports, the wagner group is a private military group and defacto army of the president of Russia. Reportedly, it was preliminarily formed in 1992 from the soviet army. According to a report, as well as mercenary activities they are involved in the exploitation of natural resources in Africa.

Reportedly, the wagner group first came to wider public attention in 2013, fighting for Russia in the Donbas region of Ukraine. According to a report, wagner were deployed to Mali in 2021 following news of France’s withdrawal. Reportedly, the french presence in Mali began in 2013 when they succesfully regained the northern half of the country from Islam.

According to reports, Mali who are a member of the world bank were in debt to the sum of $6.61 billion u.s. in 2019. Conflict is thought to be related to western interference and over resources. Reportedly, Mali is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa.

Ever filled up a can with 5 litres of fuel and put it in your car later, only to find it contains 4 litres or less? The only explanation is that the fuel which is very frothy, settles leaving substantially less than displayed on the petrol pump. The amount of fuel can be further depleted by interfering with the flow. As the former is the norm in all three service statiions tested in one area, could this be a worldwide fraudulent scheme?

According to a report, Ireland’s future speakers from protestant backgrounds say they gave serious consideration to Irish unity following Brexit. Reportedly, Leo Varadker was urged to begin a citizen’s assembly on Irish unity when he returns to the office of taoiseach on 17 December, which was met with applause. According to the report, the call was made during a panel discussion organised by the pro-unity group, Ireland’s future held in Belfast’s Ulster Hall.

According to a report, a former northern Ireland press officer praised Mr Varadker as being much more open to Irish unity than the current taoiseach Micheál Martin, and said Brexit has made Irish unity an urgent necessity, saying our views didn’t count and we weren’t taken into account. Reportedly, the Impartial Reporter said protestants are increasingly open to change, and unionism needs to take account of the fact that now there are a lot of protestants who consider themselves ready for a change. Reportedly, intensive debate on constitutiinal change is now happening.