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The as called permanent court of arbitation ruled in 2009 that the Heglig oil field no longer belongs to south Sudan, though other reports say it straddles the north south border, possibly drawn by Britain as Sudan was said to have been governed by a British -Egyptian condominium from 1899 to 1956. Reportedly in practice Britain ensured control. They administered the north and south separately and were said to have discouraged trade between the two. Pressure to unite Sudan is said to have lead in 1946 to northerners holding positions in the south, Arabic becoming the language of administration and the southern elite being kept out of government.

The first Sudanese war broke out in 1955. Reportedly half a million people died. It ended in 1972 with the Addis Ababa agreement which gave religious and cultural autonomy to the south. The second Sudanese war lasted from 1983 to 2005. Both wars were said to be due to inequality, especially with regard to oil resources: An estimated two million people died as a result of the second Sudanese war and a reported four million were displaced in south Sudan.

The two states came into conflict over the greater Nile oil pipeline which begins in the Unity oil field, south Sudan, is 1,600 km long and commenced operation in 1999. Reports are that northern Sudan who have eastern influences own 5% of the Greater Nile Oil pipeline company. Other listed stakeholders are chinese, malaysian and indian nationals.

The Unity oil field in the Rueng district, said to be home to the Dinka people and the Heglig, north of Bientu were reportedly the most productive oil fields in Sudan. Also noted is the Tarjath of the upper Nile region, known to oil companies as block 5 a. Tarjath is situated 60 km south of Bientu and estimated to contain 250 million barrels of oil. Reports were that as in Nigeria, south Sudanese oil revenue was privatised to western interests. Oil exploration has resulted in major displacement of local populations. Tarjath was the scene of extensive fighting during the second Sudanese war. Out of an original population of 240,000, 12,000 people were said to have been killed or died of starvation and 160,000 displaced. Hunger may have been the reason. As called Block 5 A is home to the Nuer people. Other oil fields in the area are Mala, said to contain 24 million barrels of oil, and the Jarayan oil field.

An oil field as yet in the early stages of development is Adar which is estimated to contain 276 million barrels of oil. President Al-Bashir of Sudan was said to have commenced work on the Adar sight in 1997 though Adar is in south Sudan. The Palogue oil field is said to be currently producing 160,000 barrels of oil per day. South Sudan ranks 185/189 in the human development index.

Thracians are said to have been conquered by the romans in the second mid century. Rebellion turned to Christianity. They were said to be superior fighters. Reports of a vicious people are disputed. Archaeology in southern Bulgaria has identified more about them. Said to have occupied most of the Balkan regions including Pannonia in the west. Thrace, south of the Danube except for the land of Bessi was ruled for nearly half a century by Persians under Darius the great who invaded in 513/512 bc. Once overruled they invaded Greece and Macedonia with Persia. The persian troops subjugated gold rich Thrace and the powerful Paeonians.

Thracians lived mainly in the Odrysian kingdom of present day Bulgaria, south eastern Romania, northern Greece and parts of Turkey. They were said to be a vassal state of Macedon for several decades under generals such as Lysimachus of the diadochi, generals of Alexander. Celts are said to have settled in Thrace around 3rd Century bc and advanced to Anatolia, present day Turkey reportedy establishing the kingdom of Galatia.

Thracia became an official Roman province. The central governing authority was in Perinthus, Turkey. Roman authority in elsewhere is thought to have relied on soldiers. Repeated attacks from migrating germanic tribes may have resulted in over a hundred legionary fortresses. People living in Thrace and the surrounding areas became known as the Bessi. Plato described Thracians as being extravagant and high spirited. Portraying them as a war like nation, he grouped them with Celts, Persians, Scythians, Iberians and Carthaginians: Polyaenus and Strabo wrote of Strathians breaking a truce with trickery. Reportedly the Dii were responsible for atrocities of the Peloponnesian war.

Thracians and Macedonians revolted against Roman rule though a few tribes such as the Deneletae and the Bessi aligned to Rome. Bessi are believed to originate from Bessapara, Bulgaria. The Sapaei came to the fore. Rhoemetalces III and his wife Pythodorus II were reportedly rulers of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under Roman rule from 38-46 ordinary time. They succeeded Pythodoris’s mother Tryphaena and her brother Rhoemetalces II. Rhoemetalces III was reportedly murdered by his wife who was also his cousin.

Many Thracians are said to have disappeared, perhaps early 5th Century, possibly migrated. Some scholars believe there may have been a move to south eastern Europe. Perhaps west. According to sources there appearance was of red or dark hair and blue eyes and typical of the Bulgarian people.

Macedon/Macedonia was an ancient kingdom reportedly on the periphery of ancient Greece, and for some time became part of an empire that encompassed the near and middle east. Said to have been founded and initially ruled by the Argead dynasty which was followed by Antipatid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the religion was reportedly Greek polytheism. Macedonia was said to have been a vassal for Persia 511-493 BC.

The term Macedonia is said to mean tall and thought to pertain to indegenous Macedonians. Prior to the 4th Century the kingdom was said to correspond to western and central Macedonia. Reported to have gradually expanded into regions inhabited by the Greek Lyncestae and Elimioate tribes and into the regions of Emathia, Eordaia, Bottiaea, Mygdonea, Crestonia and Almopia, that is mainly Greece and present day Greek Macedonia. Persian hegemony is documented. Macedonia was expected to provide troops for Persia and reportedly fought with Persia during their second invasion of Greece in 480/479 BC and in the battle of Platea. The Greek victory in Salamis in 480 BC marked the end of Persian dominance.

Difficulties with Greece are documented during the reign of Philip II. War on four occasions was followed by a Greek colonisation of the Strymon River and the founding of the colonial city of Amphipolis, 437/436 BC which would provide Athens with gold, silver, timber and pitch to finance and build ships. In 417 BC there followed a blockade on Macedonian seaports and an invasion of Chalcidice by a coalition of Argos and the Athenian navy. In 414 BC Perdiccas II was said to have sued for peace which resulted in a deal. More timber was provided for the Athenian navy and Athens provided ships in the 410 siege of Pydna.

Macedonia was a small independent kingdom surrounded by city states, and during the reign of the Argead King Philip II 359-336 BC is said to have dominated mainland Greece and Thrace, reportedly through a mixture of diplomacy and conquest. Philip is said to have spent his adolescent years as a political prisoner in Thebes under General Epaminondas.He married Olympias in an alliance with Arrybus, the king of Epirus. Their son was Alexander III who became known as the great. Alexander’s empire once covered mainland Greece, Israel named Assyrio Palestine under Persia, Egypt, Babylonia, Syria and reportedly much of central and southern Asia including modern day Punjab: Greek philosophy such as Aristotle and Plato and other Greek culture became popular.

There were many battles. Between 357 and 355 BC Athenians were fighting the social war. The battle of the Crocus Field in 352 BC was followed by the Olynthian war of 349-348 BC. According to a report Philip II gave refuge to Hellespontine Phrygia Artabazos for a decade during the fourth Century BC, thereby supporting a rebellion against the central authority of the persian king Artaxerxes III. Hellespontine’s daughter married Philip’s son Alexander. Olynthus was captured by Macedonia during this time and its inhabitants sold into slavery including Athenians. Philip was given two seats on the Ampyctionic council and the position of master of ceremonies in the Pythion games. Athens objected.

In 342 BC Philip invaded a Thracian city now named Plovdiv in present day Bulgaria. The as called fourth sacred war occured in 339 BC, and the battle of Chaeronia occured in 338 BC between Macedonia and the city states of Athens, Megara, Corinth, Megaera and Euboea. Macedonia won, established an oligarchy in Thebes and planned to make use of the Athenian navy to fight Persia.

Though Macedonia was reportedly excluded from the league of Corinth (a formation of city states apart from Sparta) Philip II was said to have been elected as leader hegemon of its council or synedrion, and the commander in chief to invade the Persians. When Philip married Cleopatre Eurydice, niece of general Attalus, Alexander III, Philip’s son from a previous marriage left for Epirus with his mother Olympias. Philip then arranged a marriage between his son Arridaeus and Ada daughter of Pixodarus an administrator of the Persian regime in Caria. Alexander intervened, proposing to take his place. Philip cancelled the wedding and Alexander’s advisors were ostracized. Philip was assasinated in another wedding feast in 336 BC. Alexander was chosen to succeed him by a group of army generals and aristocrats, chief among them was Antipater, deputy hegemon of the league of Corinth.

In 335 BC Alexander fought against the Thracian tribes of the Balkans. They were said to have surrendered on Peuce Island. He attacked the Dardani at Pelion, modern day Albania and besieged Thebes. Six thousand Thebians were killed, thirty thousand taken as prisoners of war and the city was burnt to the ground.

Alexander was said to have personally lead many battles. The battle of Granicus in 334 BC to free Asia Minor was followed by the battle of Issus which was said to have resulted in the Persian king Darius retreating. Likewise the battle of Gaugamela in 331. More battles with Persia, reportedly in Afghanistan, India and Babylonia. Success was followed by alliances in the form of marriages into the Persian royal court. According to reports Alexander had a policy that Greek soldiers intermarry and settle in Israel or Assyrio Palestine, Asia and perhaps elsewhere throughout the empire.

When Alexander died in 323 BC his mother said he had been poisoned by Antipater who was of a different branch of the family. Reportedly the army council chose Alexander’s half brother Philip to succeed him. Chiliarch Perdiccas was chosen as regent, but civil war or the wars of the diadochi that is the former generals of Alexander’s army followed. Antipater, Alexander’s second in command died in 319 BC which was said to have left a power vacuum. Antipater Antigonus was elected as new regent but died a year or two later. He was said to have chosen Polyperchon, a general of Greek heritage rather than allowing Philip III the right to choose his own regent. In doing so he was seen to pass over his son Cassander. Forming an alliance with Ptolemy and others Cassander gave orders to capture the Munichia fortress in the Athenian port town, Piraeus. Polyperchon had decreed that Greek cities should be free of Macedonian garrisons.

A joint force of Argeads invaded Macedonia and forced the surrender of Philip III. The king, queen and dozens of Macedonian nobles were said to have been killed. Some sources say by order of Olympias who was placed on trial by Cassander and put to death. Others say she died during Cassander’s siege of Pydna.

The partition of Triparadisis in Syria, 321 BC by Alexander’s generals named Perdiccas, thought to be son of the Macedonian prince Orontes as regent of the empire, and arranged territorial rights for themselves as administrators. By 306/305 BC Alexander’s generals had declared themselves kings.

The Macedonian empire was overtaken by mainland Greece and subsequently became part of the Greek empire which replaced a persian empire. At the end of the third Macedonian war in 168 BC the monarchy was abolished by Rome. The fourth Macedonian war of 150-148 BC resulted in the roman state of Macedonia which is thought to correspond to both ancient Macedonia and modern day Greek Macedonia.

The region of Macedonia is thought to be populated by approximately 51% Greek Macedonians who reportedly live almost entirely in the region of Greek Macedonia along with other Greeks and Bulgarians. North Macedonia for reasons unexplained has not been identified as Macedonian land. Northern Macedonia is reportedly mainly populated by a slavic speaking ethnic group who self identify as ethnic Macedonians though are believed to be of Bulgarian descent.

In November 2020 according to reports Bulgaria objected to opening talks between north Macedonia and the eu with a view to Macedonia joining; reportedly until northern Macedonia is retermed northern Republic of Macedonia and acknowledges the Bulgarian roots of the Macedonian language.

The use of the name Macedonia has been disputed by Greece for 28 years who cited cultural and irredesent concerns. The name Macedonia was changed to northern Macedonia in 2018 after u.n. lead discussions with the two parties, leading to the prespa agreement.

The Suez Canal was reportedly constructed by the Suez Canal company and completed in 1869. Funding was said to be through the Rothschilds and shares were sold to British and French shareholders who are said to have owned the company until the as called Suez crisis.

By 1955 two thirds of Europe’s oil passed through the canal, though Persian oil was transported through a pipeline.; said to be 800,000 barrels a day. The Suez crisis also known as the Sinai war followed the nationalisation of the canal by Egypt. Israel invaded Egypt followed by the u.k. and France and reportedly the u.k. took de facto control of the canal, its finances and operations.

The nationalisation of the Suez Canal is said to have surprised the British and its commonwealth. A letter from the foreign office was published saying, ‘If we sit back while Nasser gradually acquires control of the oil bearing countries our gold reserves will dry up. If our gold reserves disappear the sterling area disintegrates.

The Uighurs or Uyghurs are said to be an ancient Turkish tribe who according to the Cyclopaedia of India and south Asia formerly occupied Xinjian; now said to be occupied by a mixed population of Turk, Mongolian and Kalmuck. The term is said to have originally described Tiele tribes in northern China and Mongolia. As Islam became prominent it became synonymous with the uyghur khaginate.

Uyghurs are being detained in special camps, reportedly as a response to terrorist attacks as part of an independence movement. They are said to have inhabited areas previously controlled by Turks and others. May have been Turkish administrators. Research shows Uyghurs may have intermarried. Possibility is they feel estranged from both Chinese and Turkish culture.

Since 2015 it is estimated that over a million Uyghurs have been detained in internment camps. According to official figures 12.8 million Uyghurs currently live in China.

A new national coalition government could conceivably be the result of a Blue and White/Likud innitiative. Benjamin Netanyahu may have been criticised for western or u.n. influences, probably not helpful with regard to peace talks with Samarians, while the Blue and White party are thought to have Arab influences, probably not helpful with regard to the Gaza blockade.

The AstraZeneca dilemma may be connected to the fact that new eu tariffs are being objected to; otherwise, shortages could mean the complete dose is not available at the recomended time for a said to be 95% efficiency.

Reportedly a new synodity is planned within the catholic church. According to the report lay people will take over administration in Irish churches.