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According to reports, the Dayton accords of 1995 was a peace agreement between the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia and Serbia, as called because it was the product of convening at the u.s. airforce base near Dayton, Ohio. As part of the accords a $2 million debt owed by Bulgaria for war damages was reportedly waived. The as known federation of Bosnia (and Herzegovina) includes the republic of Srpska which spans the Bosniak Croat federation and the Bosnian Serb republic. The croats are reportedly ethnic muslims. The serbs slavic.

Reportedly the idea of a kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes evolved partly for security following the breakup of the Ottoman empire, said to have consisted of the Serbian monarchy who had previously wrestled freedom from the Ottomans and a multi ethnic government. Neighbouring Montenegro became occupied by Hungary in 1916 and joined in 1918, said to have been followed by small territorial gains from Bulgaria. According to a report Serbia had previously captured most of present day Macedonia which became part of Yugoslavia, though a Greek not slavic nation. Other reports were of a Bulgarian occupation of Macedonia and Romania during ww1 with a view to annexing and incorporating the new territories.

Post ww1 the kingdom of Yugoslavia or south slav land became a federal socialist republic made up of Bosnia, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. Alexander I reigned from 1921 until 1934 when he was assassinated, according to various sources by Bulgarian, Vlado Chernozemski during a state visit to France. Chernozemski was said to have also killed two politicians, one identified as a socialist. He may have infiltrated the Macedonian internal revolutionary organisation which reportedly became an agent for Bulgarian interests. Macedonia being one of them. Not wholly succesful.

Following Alexander’s assassination he was succeeded by his 11 year old son Peter II and a cousin, Prince Paul who was regent. In 1939 Paul visited Hitler, he reportedly refused to sign Yugoslavia over to Germany as an economic colony, or make an issue by pulling out of the league of nations. He was said to be in favour of a peace front in the Baltics and to deter Germany from invading Poland and elsewhere. In 1939 he also visited Britain, seemingly as an advocate for peace. According to the report he ordered that the Yugoslav gold reserves be transferred to London.

Paul signed the tripartite Berlin pact in 1940, a defensive military alliance of Germany, Italy and Hungary and previously signed by other Baltic nations. Reportedly the result was a coup. Paul who was replaced by an adult Peter II spent the rest of the war under British house arrest in Kenya.

Germany, Italy and Hungary invaded Yugoslavia in 1941. Though resulting in surrender after 11 days, it was thought to have been a catalyst for resistance groups. Peter was exiled to London where in 1944 he married princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark. He was deposed by the Yugoslav assembly in 1945.

Josip Broz Tito became president. He was said to have backed the left in the Greek civil war. According to a report Winston Churchill gained an agreement with Stalin not to support Greek communists. Following the abolishment of the Yugoslav monarchy and the transition to a federal peoples’ republic, Tito signed the Bled agreement with Bulgaria, 1947 which reportedly envisioned a unification with Macedonia, Czechoslovakia and perhaps Yugoslavia as a union of Baltic nations. Not completed.

According to reports Britain became involved in the Greek civil war against the communist, Greek peoples’ liberation army, elas who on defeat signed the treaty of Varkiza, 1945. Reportedly the treaty allowed for communists to participate in government, all civil and political liberties guaranteed, along with the establishment of a non-political army. The treaty was not upheld and was reportedly followed by widespread killing of communists. The communist party of Greece became illegal in 1947.

According to reports, the reason for the 1970’s oil crises which resulted in petrol rationing, and ultimately war, began with the 1973 Arab oil embargo during the yom Kippur war and a decision to raise oil prices. Prices were said to have risen excessively, which was followed by a second crisis in 1979. A reported loss of oil production in the persian gulf, estimated at 4.8 million barrels per day following the Iranian revolution.

Energy has become an issue in the foreign policy of the uk, u.s. and elsewhere. According to reports the uk were experiencing an energy crisis during the years 1973-75, said to have been brought on by the 1973 yom kippur war, fought in the Sinai with Egypt, the Golan with Syria and in Israel. The Egyptian Sinai was an area of dispute between Egypt and Israel for a time. Reportedly the cause of the war was an egyptian blockade of Israeli ships’ access to the Sinai canal. Jordan sided with Egypt, said to be to prevent Israel from making territorial advances. A ceasefire was agreed in June. Israel’s successes were winning back the Gaza strip from Egypt, east Jerusalem and Samaria, renamed the west bank from Jordan; and the Golan heights. According to biblical documents, the Golan heights weren’t originally a part of Israel. They have been a subject of contention between Israel and Syria for millennia.

Embargoes were reportedly applied eleven days into the war due to perceived support for Israel. Initially to the u.s. and the Netherlands, quickly expanding to the uk, western europe and Japan. Oil prices were said to have risen from US$3 before the war to US$15 in November 1974. Was accompanied in the uk by a major dispute with coal miners, and power outages due to an electricity workers dispute, leading to a state of emergency and a three day working week for industry.

The second crisis following the Iranian revolution was thought to be due to western influences. Resulted in oil prices going from US$13 per barrel in 1979 to US$34 in mid 1980. Reportedly, affected companies were British petroleum (BP), Chevron (Texaco) and Shell (Royal dutch shell). The Iranian revolution was the overthrowing of the Shah of Iran and the Pahlavi dynasty and the establishment of an islamic republic under Ayatollah Khomeini. Possibly supported by leftist and student organisations. Lead to a migration of the privileged

The president of Chad has been killed, according to one report whilst visiting soldiers who were fighting rebels. Three hundred rebels were aid to have been killed. Chad has reportedly been fighting with the french in Chad, Mali, Burkino Faso, Mauritania and Niger.

According to reports the result of an April 11 general election on Monday, described as provisional stated President Deby had succeeded to his sixth term. On election day, described as rebels attacked or possibly invaded the north of the country. The army said the president had been commanding the army at the weekend as it battled the rebels, and died from injuries sustained at the weekend.

Reportedly, according to legislation, in the absence of a president or in case he dies, the speaker of the parliament takes charge of the country for forty days until elections are held; but the military have announced that both the legislative assembly and the constitution have been dissolved.

According to a report the uk have urged its citizens to leave the country. Non essential u.s. government employees have also been ordered to leave.

The Ukraine became part of Russia in 1793, reportedly gaining independence in 1991. Thought to be due to public pressure. According to reports since 1994 the Ukraine has agreed to the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty as a nuclear free nation.

Amid current news of a russian military build up on the Ukraine border, two u.s. naval ships were said to be planning to sail to the Black Sea on April 14th and 15th until 4th and 5th May. The u.s. have said they will deploy additional troops in Germany, contrary to Donald Trump’s plans to withdraw from europe.

Crimea was captured by Russia in 2014. The same year, protests from the people of the Donbas region of the Ukraine against the government reportedly resulted in Russia waging a political and military campaign in the area, said to be ongoing. Crimea is the subject of an ongoing dispute, being described as an independent republic and federal region of Russia by Russia, and part of the Ukraine by the Ukraine.

Under Gorbachev’s reforms of 1989 the enforced migration in 1944 of Taters living in Crimea, a peninsula which spans the Ukraine and Turkey was pronounced illegal. Since the soviet dissolution of 1991, russian policy reportedly consists of pro western factions, slavophiles and imperialists. Slavophilia was said to have existed in Poland, Serbia Croatia and Czechoslavakia. They are often collectivist rather than individualist cultures though there are exceptions.

According to statistics, from 1993 to 2014 the Ukraine population decreased by 6.6 million. The nuclear accident in Chernobyl, and aftermath were probably major factors. Reportedly the Ukraine president Viktor Yanukovych was ousted in 2014, said to be following a decision not to sign a Ukraine-EU association agreement which was eventually signed in 2016. Though the Ukraine is said to be one of the largest grain exporters in the world, along with Moldova it is reportedly the poorest country in Europe, and very corrupt. Since their independence in 1991 they are said to have played a significant role in u.n. military operations and are known to have had controversial links with a u.s. company which was reported to be selling Iraqi oil.

According to reports, kremlin critic and leader of an opposition movement in the one party transcontinental country, Alexei Navalny will be entering his third week of hunger strike in protest at his treatment by the Russian authorities. Navalny was reportedly poisoned with a novichok nerve agent, one of a group of nerve agents developed by the soviet union between 1971 and 1993. He is said to have become violently ill during a domestic flight in August, which lead to an emergency landing in Siberia and hospitalisation. He was put in a medically induced coma, reportedly to reduce metabolic activity and blood flow to the brain in order to minimise swelling and protect from permanent damage. Two days later he was transferred to the Charité hospital in Berlin, one of Europe’s largest university hospitals with numerous said to be collaborative research centres. The use of the nerve agent was confirmed by five laboratories certified by the organisation for the prohibition of chemical weapons, a branch of the chemical weapons convention. On 17 January Navalny returned to Russia and was arrested.

The chemical weapons convention was accused of being u.s. dominated following objections and a reshuffle relating to plans to include Iraq, which would have allowed monitors into Iraq and could have averted a war. The cwc reportedly cooperates with the u.n., not thought by all to be impartial. Authoritarianism and a lack of trust may prevent any cooperation between the Russian government and Navalny who has popular support in Russia and beyond, but some sources say he may be backed by the uk. Opinion is any collaberation between the two parties should be good for Russia from a nationalist perspective.

According to a report, a mass vaccine centre in the french city of Nice closed early on Saturday after only 48 of the available 4,000 vaccines were administered. The centre was reportedly set up for over 55 teachers and nurses, but according to a source, some turned away when they found out it was AstraZeneca. France’s most popular vaccine was said to be Pfizer BioNTech’s Mrna or messenger rna vaccine. France’s medical team have decided that former recipients of the first dose of AstraZeneca should have the Moderna Mrna vaccine for the second dose. Mrna’s are said to mimic the sequence of the virus causing an immune response.

Reportedly Australia who are planning to buy an extra 20 million doses of the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine are thought to be banning AstraZeneca for over 50’s. The u.s. say they have enough vaccines from Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna and Johnson and Johnson, though the Johnson vaccine is said to be similar to a single dose of AstraZeneca . Germany have reportedly banned AstraZeneca for over 60’s. Ireland is expected to follow suit.

According to a report, since 2019 pro reform parties, believed to be composed of the laity and clergy have been pursuing change in the catholic church, said to be with particular regard to human sexuality, for instance homosexuality and priestly celibacy. Reportedly, local hierarchies in favour of current trends are challenging the view of the holy see which has reverted to moralising. Term local hierarchies may indicate councils of the laity, said to have a say. A schism may result from pro reformers insisting on liberalism and priests being allowed to marry.

Spanish flu, reportedly caused by the h1n1 virus began 9 months before the end of the first world war. Lasting just over 2 years, according to reports it was one of the world’s deadliest epidemics resulting in an estimated 20-50 million deaths worldwide. The mass deprivation, injury and disease of ww1 is thought to have been a factor. Covid 19 is believed to have resulted in nearly two million one hundred thousand deaths. According to a report recent studies do not correlate with theories of contamination from chinese bats. UK fatalities are estimated at 127,100, Russia 102,986, France 98,778, Germany 78,452, Spain 76,525, Poland 58,481, Ukraine 37,381, Turkey 33,939, Romania 25,248, Portugal 16,918, Netherlands 16,770 and Sweden 13,718. Other strains of corona virus are listed as sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome noted in China in 2002 and lasting until 2004, and mers or middle eastern respiratory syndrome, beginning 2012 and leaving chronic symptoms.

Reportedly, the Russian flu pandemic of 1977 was caused by the h1n1 virus. Noted in both China and Russia, it resulted in an estimated 700,000 deaths. According to a report, since 1977 the virus has conjoined with the h3n2 virus that causes influenza. Seasonal flu kills around 600,000 people per year. A swine flu pandemic reported in January 20o9 and lasting until August 2010 was said to be a new strain of h1n1 combined with a pig flu virus.

A common market for coal, iron ore and scrap reportedly opened in europe in 1953. The founding treaty of the european economic community, the treaty of Rome was signed in 1957. Delays in printing was said to have resulted in members signing a document which included blank pages. The treaty established the european coal and steel community, ecsc; a tariff free customs union and single market for free movement of goods, labour, services and capital; the creation of a common agricultural policy, a european social fund and a commission.

The ecsc reportedly resulted from a Franco German innitiative. France is believed to have had saxon german influences in government, some possibly wrongly typecast. May have lead to the targeting of republican values.

France, west Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands began negotiating the treaty. A proposal for common european defence was not agreed upon by french president Jean Monet. Following this according to a report an unnamed leading figure resigned and began work on alternative communities.

Reportedly, the potential for nuclear energy was explored to extend the powers of the ecsc as a result of the trend towards gas and oil. Resulted in the euratom treaty and as called european atomic energy community. Though reported to have the same membership, the eaec is said to be legally distinct from the eu. Under terms of the eu-uk trade and cooperation agreement post brexit Britain has continued to participate as an associated state.

As a result of the maastricht treaty of 1992, the eec reportedly became the european community embedded into the european union along with a common foreign and security policy and europe wide police and judicial cooperation. In practice not thought to have always been fair and workable, as in the case of Julian Assange.

Charities aid foundation is a registered charity no. 268369 of which prince Philip was the patron. Caf trustees, board, committees and executive teams are responsible for management. The trustees reportedly delegate management responsibility to the chief executive and various other functions to committees and reports. According to caf they can offer experts and the benefit of research to fundraising efforts. Reportedly they both fund organisations and charities in the form of loans and oversee and report on them.

Reportedly caf have partners in the usa, south Africa, Australia New Zealand, Canada, Bulgaria, Brazil, Russia and the uk, and are involved in numerous reportedly successful fund raising innitiatives. Some specific projects listed are an involvment in the development of future leaders in south Africa, and loans for social housing and drug rehabilitation in the uk.