Author: yreape

The treaty of perpetual peace between England and Scotland was signed in 1502 by James IV of Scotland and Henry VII of England. It agreed to end warfare between the two countries, though wars continued during the next Century which ultimately lead to a union of the crown of England and Scotland a hundred years later.

At the age of thirteen, according to the treaty, Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII married James IV, and in 1503 gave birth to a boy who became James V of Scotland. When James was around ten years of age his father died fighting saxons in the battle of Flodden, and Margaret became regent for their son. James’s family were interwoven with the french due to two diplomatic marriages, and a pro french party took place among the nobility urging that she should be replaced by the french born John Stewart, Duke of Albany who was next heir of the kingdom of Scotland. In 1549 she married Archibald Douglas, 6th earl of Angus and was replaced as regent by Albany.

In 1524 while visiting France, Albany was removed and his twelve year old son James became became king. Margaret was chief councillor. James’s reign from around 1514-43 began to witness the beginning of protestantism in Scotland. In 1528 the roman emperor Charles V suggested various marriages, but he married Madelaine Valois in 1536 who was in poor health. She died in 1537. A year later he married Mary of Guise. James died in 1542 following the battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, princess Mary succeded him.

Mary was six days old when her father died and Scotland became ruled by regents, one being her mother Mary of Guise. She governed as a catholic monarch and the prominent scot John Knox openly questioned whether her subjects had a duty to obey her. Mary married her half cousin Henry Stuart Lord Darnley in 1565, and in 1566 they had a son, James. In February 1567 Darnley’s residence was destroyed by an explosion and he was found murdered in his garden. James Hepburn 4th earl of Boswell was generally believed to have orchestrated the death. He and his men abducted Mary and took her to Dunbar castle. A month later he married her. His second and previous wife was divorced twelve days earlier. Boswell was created duke of Orkney and was acquited of the charge of nurder. Catholics considered the marriage to be unlawful as they did not recognise Boswell’s divorce. Everyone disapproved of a union with a man suspected of killing her husband. Mary who was known as Mary Stewart or queen of scots was forced to abdicate. After an unsuccesful attempt to regain the throne she fled southward to her couson once removed, Elizabeth I of England.

Mary was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many english catholics including participants in a rebellion known as the rising of the north, an unsuccessful attempt by catholic nobles from England to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Mary was deposed in various castles and manors. In 1586, after 18.5 years in captivity she was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth and beheaded at Fotheringhay castle, Northhamptonshire.

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Mary I of Tudor was the only child of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon to survive to adulthood. The house of Tudor was a house of Welsh origin. A theory is that following the arrival of saxon war lords french colonials settled in Wales. In 1547 On the death of Henry VIII, his nine year old son, Edward VI took the throne but he died in 1553. Henry’s disagreements with the pope following the annulment of his marriage to Catherine led to the protestant reformation. He appointed himself supreme leader of the church of England and dissolved convents and monastaries for which he was excommunicated.

During Edward’s reign the realm was governed by a council led first by his uncle, Edward Seymour 1st duke of Somerset and on his death by John Dudley who became duke of Northumberland. The period was marked with social unrest, an unsuccesful war with Scotland and the abolition of the Mass and clerical celibacy.

On the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon, north eastern Spain Mary was sent to Wales and became princess of Wales. Reportedly, as a child she had studied french, spanish, music and dance. Shortly after Edward’s death Mary deposed his successor Lady Jane Grey and became Queen of England and Ireland. Insurrections broke out when Mary married Philip of Spain, heir apparent to vast territories in continental Europe. Her newly appointed lord chancellor, Stephen Gardiner and the house of commons petitioned her to marry an english man, fearing England would be relegated to a dependency, also protestants were motivated by a fear of catholics. Thomas Wyatt lead a force to depose Mary in favour of her half sister Elizabeth. She died on 17 November 1558.

According to reports, Michaél Martin has been named as not being allowed to enter Russia, as are tánaiste Leo Varadker, speaker of the lower house, Séan Ó Fearghail, minister for foreign affairs Simon Coveney, minister for justice Helen McEntee, minister for finance Paschal Donoghue and a number of td’s and senators amounting to 52 names of which the Irish government do not yet have a full list. Reportedly, officials from the department of foreign affairs are in contact with russian authorities to seek immediate clarification.

According to the report, Nikita Isaki press secretary and personal assistant to the russian ambassador said the russian embassy may issue further comment Thursday or Friday. Reportedly, the taoiseach said it was part of the propaganda war waged by Russia. According to the report, on calls for the russian embassy to be closed the taoiseach said, diplomatic channels are the last resort always, so I think cool heads are required in situations like this. Reportedly, the russian ministry in its statement said, acting under the dictation of Brussels, Ireland is conducting an aggressive anti russian propaganda campaign. With regard to our other measures, we will be guided by the position of Dublin.

According to reports, Donald Trump has announced he is running for the presidency in the 2024 elections. Reportedly, he is known for his divisive politics. According to a report, Mr Trump was accused of fraud by the president of the u.s. who had family links to a multi-billion dollar company selling Iraqi oil.

Reportedly, a potential rival is Ron DeSantis, governor of Florida who was educated at Harvard and Yale. According to a report, he won a resounding election victory on November 8. Reportedly, Mr DeSantis who was lieutenant commander in the u.s. navy and served as a judge advocate or military lawyer, is a navy reserve. According to a report, he worked for the commander of joint task force Guantanamo in the Guantanamo detention camp, Cuba where detained prisoners were held who were captured in the war in Aghanistan and elsewhere since the September 2001 attacks, and worked directly with detainees.

According to reports, an emergency meeting was scheduled for Wednesday morning at g20 due to a russian made missile exploding in the polish village of Przewodow, killing two people. Reportedly, following a meeting with g7 and nato on the sidelines of g20 the u.s. president said it was unlikely that the bomb which fell 6.4 km west of the Ukraine border was fired from within Russia. According to a report, the missile was fired on Tuesday afternoon, roughly at the same time Russia launched its bigggest attack on Ukraine in more than a month. Reportedly, both Russia and Ukraine have used russian made missiles.

According to a report, a nato official told cnn that the missile had been tracked by Intel technology in a u.s. alliance aircraft flying above polish airspace at the time, and the radar tracks were provided to nato. Reportedly, in a statement online the dutch prime minister said that the strike within Poland’s borders would not have happened without Russia’s horrific missile attacks against Ukraine. According to the report, Russia who have denied involvment in the explosion said the attack is a deliberate attempt to provoke a direct military clash between nato and Russia.

According to a report, hunger and nuclear threats were two issues on Tuesday’s G20 summit in Bali, Indonesia. Reportedly, some themes of the two day summit are inflation, debt and monetary policy. According to reports, Indonesia appealed for an end to political polarisation and for unity and concrete action to mend the global economy.

Reportedly, after a near three year absence from the world’s stage, China has embarked on face to face meetings to open communication channels and assert influence. According to a report, following a three hour meeting with the u.s. president on Monday, Mr Jinping spoke with delegates from Australia, France, Holland and south Korea. Reportedly, China’s relations with the west have deteriorated by varying degrees due to trade disputes, covid 19 and Taiwan. According to a report, China’s focus on Taiwan remains unchanged.

Reportedly, China’s relations with Australia have deteriorated since early 2020 with the introduction of trade tariffs following a call for an investigation into the origins of the Corona virus. According to a report, a reset to former relations is unlikely due to Australia’s foreign policy institutions fundamentally reshaping how China is viewed. Conversely, reportedly China is concerned with a new Australian deal with the u.k. and u.s. involving nuclear powered submarines and other weaponry.

According to a report, the south Korean president called for China to play a bigger role in reigning in north Korea’s nuclear and missile provocations. Reportedly, Europe who will engage with China hope not to rely on the country for innovative technology, and the british prime minister told Saudi’s crown prince that he hopes the two nations could work together to help stabilise energy markets.

According to a report, topics of the g20 summit held in Indonesia are expected to be the war in Ukraine, inflation and climate change. Reportedly, Sergei Lavrov, Russia’s foreign minister since 2004 will be present. According to the report, on arrival he was taken to hospital for a checkup. Reportedly, this is expected to be the most fractious g20 meeting ever, and diplomats have raised doubts that leaders will be able to issue a joint statement at the end of the summit as usually happens.

The summit begins on Tuesday but according to a report the u.s. president has already met the chinese delegate, Xi Jinping, his first in person meeting since he took office. Reportedly, a theme is expected to be an increasingly militarised stand off over Taiwan. Mr Jinping said he was prepared for a candid and indepth exchange of views.

Substantial u.s. China trade talks broke down amid the first covid 19 outbreak in Wuhan China. Theories were that it was manufactured in a laboratory, one said in a Chinese laboratory, but why would the Chinese government infect China? There was a back off, followed by China’s focus moving towards an Asia Pacific trade cooperation. According to the report, there is also a meeting of the Asia Pacific Trade Cooperation in Indonesia this week.

According to reports, atleast six people were killed and up to 81 injured in an explosion in Istaklil Avenue, a busy pedestrian street in central Istanbul. Reportedly, a video posted online showed flames erupting and a loud bang. According to reports, the president of Turkey who spoke about the incident before his departure to Indonesia for the g20 summit said innitial intelligence believed it to be a terrorist attack. Reportedly, security cameras are in place in Istaklil Avenue, a busy thoroughfare, popular with locals and tourists which may lead to clues concerning the perpetrators.

According to reports, the attack occurred around 4.20 pm local time, 13.20 gmt. Reportedly, no one has claimed responsibility for the attack. According to reports, Turkey suffered several deadly bombings between 2015 and 2017 by islamic state and kurdish groups.

According to reports, on Wednesday Moscow announced that Russian troops would withdraw from Kherson, the move of tens of thousands of military equipment to the eastern side of the Dnieper river was completed on Friday morning. Reportedly, a member of the Kherson regional council said that a large buildup of russian troops had been killed in Kakhowska in Kherson, and a Ukraine southern Command unit said on Thursday that its forces had attacked a column of equipment and an ammunition depot.

Kherson is one of the four south- eastern regions annexed by Russia. According to a report, Moscow officials have maintained that the Russian retreat does not change russian control over the regions which stretch from Crimea to Donbas, though Ukrainian police and media have moved back into the area.

According to reports, analysts have warned that the retreat could be fraught with danger for both sides. Reportedly, Ukraine who say Russia have not asked for a green corridor or safe route appeared to be targeting large numbers of Russian troops preparing to withdraw. According to a report, one Ukrainian official said, as russian troops move their equipment to the eastern side of the river, we destroy it.

Reportedly, the secretary of the national security and defence council of Ukraine has warned residents of Kherson not to return as yet for fear of mines. According to a report, u.s. and western officials say that neither side are likely to achieve their goal of controlling the whole country, and are hoping a winter slowdown will be an opportunity for peace talks. Reportedly, next weeks G20 summit provides a window of opportunity for negotiations.

On 1 November Israel held its 5th election in less than five weeks. Reportedly, the results are that Likkud won the majority. According to a report, a resident off Kibbutz Hudda said she cried when the results came in, and even thought about leaving the country. Reportedly, the former government was a coalition of the centrist Yesh Atid and lefter alliances. Yesh Atid won extra seats, but the left were defeated.

According to a report, Israel’s left leading parties have been standard bearers for negotiations with Palestinians. The parties, usually made up of other groups were descibed as secular, possibly because they defered to jews for communication. Reportedly, the wane of the left began following waves of Palestinian violence, interpreted by Israelis as a rejection of efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian question. According to a report, Likkud harnessed perceived threats to Israel’s jewish identity.