Author: yreape

What does the UK mean when they continually talk about leaving the eu with a deal? This amounts to special concessions but on what basis?
A system of autocracy is unfair. Rules have to be uniform allowing for all European communities to be substantiated in turn; for instance making funds available to Greece who have accommodated so many refugees.

The good friday agreement, otherwise known as the Belfast agreement has been described as a truce, but are republicans represented? In a climate where people are often compelled to pay lip service to beurocracy, it’s hard to say. For instance, republicans overwhelmingly abstained from voting in a referendum in 1973 on whether Ireland should join Eire or remain part of the UK. The reason why is unknown.
A census in Northern Ireland is planned for 2020, and news of the changing demography of northern Ireland may sound ominous for those with experience of British beurocracy, which isn’t culturally sensitive. In other words, possible reprisals for those who identify themselves as republicans.
In 1972 there was a well planned human rights march which was to end with TV coverage. According to British reports, orders were not to let activists gain access to the media at any cost. Reprisals were that twenty eight people were shot that day and fourteen people died.

The term ecumenical is of Greek origin meaning universal, as does the term catholic. The idea of ecumenicalism has been around ever since Martin Luther and the catholic protestant divide. It is reported to have begun proper during the 1930’s. In recent times it has occasionally been associated with megachurches, particularly in the colonies. In South Africa, there was a trend of a white south African ritually washing the feet of indigenous members of the congregation. This symbolism didn’t really take off.
Ecumenicalism, in the mind of a lot of people, equates to multi-denominational services in the interest of friendship. This is not the case anymore.
On 13th October John Henry Newman will be declared a saint by Pope Francis. Newman (1801-1890) was a prominent figure in a movement which was instigated by the hierarchy of the church of England. It developed into Anglo-catholicism.
Edward Bouverie Pusey (1800-1882) who was educated at Eton, was another prominent figure. He worked in Japan and, according to reports, was imprisoned following the nuclear attack on Hiroshima.
Newman was a church of England priest who some believe infiltrated the Catholic church. He was reported to have joined the Jesuits. The Jesuits have been the subject of controversy. In 1590, Pope Sixtus V wanted to exclude Jesus from the official name of the society. Although Jesuits agreed, Sixtus died unexpectedly before his wish could be carried out. The society was suppressed in 1814 by Pope Pius VII but is said to have taken off in all areas since.

When present day Pakistan was formed in 1947 it was known as west Pakistan. Two thousand kilometres east is present day Bangladesh, formerly east Pakistan (formerly east Bengal). For 23 years, two states constituted Pakistan, but appear to have little in common, besides religion reportedly.
The partition of India and Pakistan was masterminded by the British. It is called the 3 June plan.
Colonial rule in India may have begun with control of the affluent region of Bengal. Wealthy landowners were relocated, leaving their property behind. According to British sources, properties were leased to poor Muslims who were unable to pay.
During British rule, millions of people were displaced and there were many uprisings leading to millions of deaths.

Today marks the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Ghandi, the Indian lawyer who suffered discrimination and led peaceful protests against British occupation in India. Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi in 1948 which is reported to be connected to the creation of the state of Pakistan, although Ghandi, according to some sources, was very disappointed in partition as a response to conflict in India at the time.
The partition of India and Pakistan
In 1947 created a forced refugee crisis. This coincided with the integration of princely states into either India or Pakistan.
In 1905 under British crown rule, Bengal was partitioned, east Bengal being refuge for Muslims. This resulted in Hindus having to leave their land. There was bombing of public buildings in protest, and unrest, according to some reports, led to Muslims liaising with British gentry with ideas of political identity:
Arab traders are said to have been visitors in India from ancient times. Arab conquests, which are logged from the 8th Century onwards, may have begun in Bengal. There was controversy as Buddhism gave way to Islam following the demolition of Budhist temples. Proselytizing had a varying success rate. Muslims make up fourteen percent or so of the population of India and are mainly Sunni.
Reasons for the creation of the state of Pakistan have been blamed on the Indian rebellion of 1857 and the second Anglo-Afghan war. The British commissioned Cyril Radcliffe to demark the border.
In 2004, the Pakistani army launched a pursuit of Al-Qaeda members on the border with Afghanistan. The conflict is ongoing. According to official sources, Pakistan hasn’t witnessed such a devastating social and economic upheaval since the India Pakistan war in 1970. This resulted in East Pakistan becoming the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Presidential elections were held in Afghanistan on Saturday. A low turn out was blamed on the threat of attacks, a muted campaign and rumours of fraud. The war in Afghanistan, which began in 2001 is said to be ongoing.
In April 1978, a military coup led to the formation of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and a socialist republic which was Soviet backed. A revolt by Sunni Islamist groups, ultra-conservative and opposed to Soviet influence, evolved into the Taliban, who were firstly a military organization, in government between 1996 and 2001, and are presently fighting the current regime.
Osama Bin Laden founded Al Qaeda in 1988 as a response to Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1979-1989). He is of Yemeni descent. The bin Laden family are a wealthy family intimately connected with the Saudi royal family. From 1984, bin Laden was involved in fundraising, recruitment and training programs in order to deal with the Soviet regime in Afghanistan. Funds came from muslim contingents. The philosophy of Osama bin Laden might be described as elitist and absolutist. He advocated the unity of Muslims under one Islamic state. He was born in Saudi Arabia in 1957. He is most well known for masterminding the September 11 attacks on the world trade centre complex in 2001.
The US led war in Afghanistan began in October 2001. Since 2004, the US have hit thousands of targets in Pakistan. According to reports the most recent drone attack was launched last year.
The US invasion has resulted in regime change that comprises a bicarmel system. The house of the representatives of the people, and the house of elders which is said to be the upper house. Two thirds of the 102 members of the house of the elders have been appointed by the President, one third unknown. The current president of Afghanistan is Ashraf Ghani who succeeded Hamid Karzai in 2014.
Last year’s parliamentary election in Afghanistan saw a turnout of 45%, 33% of which were women. The results of the presidential election held on September 28th, according to official sources, will be known by 17th October if there is a clear winner.

Boko Harem, founded by Mohammad Yusuf who was executed in 2009 according to reports, is in conflict over control of the oil producing Niger Delta in Nigeria.
In 2007, the International court of justice ruled that the oil-rich Nigerian peninsula of Bakassi was to become part of what is known as anglophone Cameroon. In 1919 Cameroon was split into British Cameroon and French Cameroon. There have been reports of a lack of safe drinking water in British Cameroon where there is insurgencey.
Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa according to statistics, and is a member of the commonwealth. It has a unicarmel government, the senate being the upper house. The current party as voted by the Nigerian people is the APC, the all progressive congress, founded in 2013 from existing parties; but last year, amid political tensions, thirty seven members are said to have defected, mainly to the PDC, the people’s democratic party.
Issues in Nigeria are no water and protests about poverty in spite of oil wealth. In 1983, according to reports, inspectors of the state-owned Nigeria National Petroleum Company said they began to notice a slow poisoning of the water.
Nigeria has a colonial past. One struggle for independence resulted in the creation of the Republic of Biafra, formerly Southern Nigeria, which existed between 1967 and 1970. Biafra represented nationalistic aspirations for independence from the western-influenced federal government. There are reports of the deliberate destruction of agricultural land during the conflict, and blockades on food aid lead to a reported two million people dying of starvation. On 20th October 1970, Biafra officially surrendered, rejoining Nigeria.
On Monday a UK court ruling authorized that the Nigerian government owe 6.6 billion dollars plus interest that is accruing at a daily rate of 1.2 million dollars. This is connected to a failed deal concerning a western company, Process and Industrial developments limited, and a natural gas pipeline.

The approaching Jewish new year or Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of 5780 for Israel. It is the traditional anniversary of Adam and Eve and celebrates Israel’s exodus from Egypt. The Hebrew bible and the Quran share a common history. Ishmael was the son of Abraham and Hagar. According to the story Hagar and Ishmael left when Ishmael was fourteen and settled in a region in the West of what is now Saudi Arabia.

Israelites were slaves in Egypt according to the Hebrew bible. Other sources support this. There is meant to be archeological evidence of a substantial Jewish community along the Nile; and problems with foreign slaves were documented.

Biblical stories are often symbolic, for instance, when the Red Sea parted allowing Israelis to pass out of Egypt. The story of Adam and Eve and their sons Cain and Abel are also considered to be symbolic by academic scholars. Abel might have been the first carnivore. Cain is said to have killed Abel.

These early stories, handed down by word of mouth are an introduction to a range of documents, including official documents, some of which might provide a historical context. Others paradigms.

The first five books of the bible were translated into Greek in 3rd Century BC. during the Greek empire. Greece fell to the Romans in 146 BC.

The funeral of Robert Mugabe took place in Harare on Saturday 14th September. Details have been hazy.
Robert Mugabe was stripped of the knighthood that was bestowed on him in 1994 for refusing to accept colonial rule. Sanctions were placed on Zimbabwe causing extreme poverty and hyperinflation.
The official burial service takes place today. He will be buried in the national heroes monument in Harare, Zimbabwe.
UK treasury documents detailing financial sanctions relating to Zimbabwe were updated last year. In a speech once, he was caught on camera saying, they wish our diamonds and gold were theirs.

The death of Jacques Chirac, former prime minister and president of France occurred yesterday. He will be remembered internationally for his plea to UK contingents, which was televised, not to go to war with Iraq. The war was cited illegal by French jurisprudence but was approved by the un in retrospect.
Jacques Chirac has been described as a republican. He studied at Harvard and is reported to have been inspired by Charles de Gaulle who established the constitution known as the Fifth Republic.
The Fifth Republic is a 1958 constitution. It has since been modified seventeen times, most recently in July 2008 when the French congress, which is a combination of the two chambers of parliament, approved by one vote, constitutional ammendments put forward by President Sarkozy.
The head of state and the head of legislation in France is said to be the president which is different from other western countries. In the UK, for instance the queen is reported to be head of state and the prime minister to be head of the executive.
The two chambers of the French constitution consist of the lower house, known as the national assembly, which is lead by the prime minister who is democratically elected; and the senate, the members of which are appointed.
Since the spring of 2017 France has been governed by Les républicains en marche. LREM is said to comprise of former members of Les républicains plus a majority of new members. The president of the senate is currently Emmanuel Macron who is the youngest president since Napolean.
Jacques Chirac is remembered for acknowledging France’s role concerning the treatment of Jewish people during the second world war.

RIP