Author: yreape

The kingdom of Romania reportedly followed independence from Turkey in the 19th Century. Romania, originally Ruman or bondsman was first documented in a letter written in the 16th Century. According to reports the monarchy was abolished in 1947 when King Michael, a cousin of both Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark was forced to abdicate. He was succeeded by the pro-Soviet Petru Groza.

Romania declared neutrality during the first world war, but eventually fought with the allies. During the early days of the second world war, two agreements, the Molotov pact and the second Vienna award, resulted firstly in Romania having to cede territory to the soviet union, secondly northern Transylvania was given to Hungary.

In November 1940 Romania signed the tripartite pact and fought with Germany, Italy, Japan and others, but reportedly joined the allies in 1944. They were a member of the Warsar pact which is said to have been designed as a balance of power against nato, yet members eventually joined nato. The invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 made the Warsar pact unpopular. Not everyone participated.

According to reports a new constitution was adopted in 1965. Nicolae Ceauşescu was elected as president in 1974. There followed many popular years. He was known not to sever diplomatic relations when others did. The Romanian government approved July thesis criticised western models as bourgeois, though according to reports there was a lack of understanding with Gorbachev. Soviet Moldova, originally Romanian is thought to be a reason for estrangement. Nicolae Ceauşescu asked for an annulment of the Molotov pact of 1939 which would have lead to a return of Moldova. The second Vienna award of northern Transylvania to Hungary reportedly resulted in anger and criticism against Hungarians, who contacted the osce, the organisation for security and cooperation in Europe, said to be a soviet innitiative about the treatment of Magyar or Hungarian descent in Romania. The ultimate result was sanctions and a said to be global isolation of Romania.

During his reign he was believed to have been a friend of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia. There was a publication of writings of Karl Marx with previously censored views of Russia. Romania is thought to have been more relaxed, yet maybe not. Communism, though a dictatorship is not always socialism as often assumed. May have been to begin with. He is said to have taken a stand against the soviet crushing of the Prague spring, a reformist movement. Praising crimes of the state and denigrating their victims was reportedly illegal in Romania.

Criticisms may have stemmed from a wish for independence from east and west. According to a report he may have found western influences difficult. He was stripped of an honorary as called knight grand cross of the order of the bath by Elizabeth II of the uk, the day before his execution. She also returned the insignia of the order of the star of Romania, said to have been sent in 1978. He received France’s legion of honour the same year. In 1988 he received an honour from the socialist union party of Germany, which reportedly made him unpopular with Russia.

There were upheavels in eastern europe and beyond in 1989; a rise in nationalism, and the dissolution of parts of the soviet union. Western media reported the end of the cold war. The reported revolutions of 1989 were believed to be of western influence. According to reports they resulted in the proliferation of western culture and capitalism, and may have been incited.

The execution of Nicolae and his wife Elena was said to have been due to Soviet infiltration. Not believed now. According to various reports, on 22 December 1989 there was a coup d’etat which resulted in Nicolae and Elena being arrested by the military. A tribunal of ten military judges was reportedly held on Christmas day. Charges seemingly related to the military who were said to have killed thousands of protestors. The coup leaders said the execution was necessary in order to prevent foreign attacks. They were executed together by firing squad at 4 pm local time. Nicolae reportedly sang The Internationale, a French socialist song.

According to a report the annexation of the west bank, thought to have been a systematic dispersal of Palestinian residents from the area was suspended in August. Israel hope that cooperation in civil and security matters will follow. The surprise announcement has been criticised by hamas who reportedly want to resume relations with fatah. Might be a Saudi innitiative.

According to a report when a military sociologist interviewed soldiers in order to examine the culture of special forces there were allegations of a blood lust and killing for sport mentality in Afghanistan. The information was relayed to defence chiefs which resulted in a four year investigation, reportedly by the chief of the Australian defence force. It is not known whether other special forces were implicated.

Results of the investigation after extensive interviews are that 39 civilians are thought to have been murdered in nineteen seperate incidents. Reports were that junior soldiers were ordered to shoot prisoners for war experience, yet the report refuses to lay blame at this level. Nineteen current or former soldiers involving 36 incidents are being referred to the police. A heavily curtailed version of the report was said to have been published yesterday.

During the evictions and general poverty of early 20th Century Ireland, efforts to survive and look after the worst affected resulted in shared ideas between Republicans and former non- nationals who became interested in socialism. The hunger and evictions meant many had to move to england to avoid the poor house, some returned. The spanish civil war is thought to have been one option for dispersed socialists. A report indicates some may have embarked from the u.k. who were not in favour of Franco, so were on the same side.

According to a report, one result of the socialist era in Spain was increased independence for Catalonia, thought to have had a British influence. Reportedly public support was ununanimous and Franco gained control, though poverty and British military innitiatives resulted in concessions such as policies enabling colonisation.

The dispersal and replacement of populations has always been a policy of foreign empires, history details this in accounts of the earliest empires; reportedly atleast three persian empires. Sometimes religion is dictated. New catholics may teach the rhythm method though most everyone now advocates birth control; or discuss their level of compliance to what they see as papal dictates. Not dictates but more ideas and beliefs on how to live a spiritual life in a secular world. If a non believer the idea is not to comment, perhaps in favour of someone you know or knew who taught you, and what it means to them; and/or because of protocol. A royalist might never criticise the Queen even if appropriate.

The present pope is a new phenomena compared to his predecessors John Paul and Benedict. Being a Jesuit and an Argentinian man of Italian descent, thoughts are he may be an ecumenical influence. Reasons are his compliance to old, not very accurate ideas about catholicism. His apologies to the gay community indicate previous abuse, not so; and more recently he has equated the church’s pro-life stance with regard to abortion to the right to life of mass murderers on death row.

Abortion being an emotive issue sometimes results in extremism. Psychological problems, addiction and poor relationships may be reasons why abortion seems to be the only answer, yet it might be an opportunity to focus on what’s wrong.

According to a report the conflict between the Tigray peoples liberation army and the Ethiopian federal government expanded to involve Eritrea, thought to be following a change of leadership when nobel prize winner Abiy Ahmed became prime minister in 2018. The Tigray regional government who reportedly broke away from the Ethiopian federal government in 2019 accused Eritrea of attacking them at the invitation of the Ethiopian government. According to a report they fired rockets in or around the airport in Asmara, and two airports in Ethiopia, thought to be on Friday /Saturday.

The Tigray regional government have described accusations of the mass murder of southern Ethiopians made by Mr Ahmed and amnesty international as malicious. Reportedly the conflict has resulted in hundreds of deaths on both sides. An estimated 25,000 refugees are said to have travelled to Sudan for help.

China and believed to be 14 countries have signed a trade partnership which many in Asia hope will help alleviate the effects of the pandemic. The deal is described as less comprehensive than the 11 nation trans-Pacific deal the u.s. pulled out of 4 years ago. Reportedly members include ten members from the Association of South East Nations, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. Hopes are that India who pulled out, thought to be due to prerequisites will rejoin. Asia is committed to multi nation efforts for freer trade. The signing of the the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement has been hailed as a victory against protectionism, and for multilateralism and free trade.

Nagorno-Karabach is believed to be of vital importance because of the Sugovision Reservoire, now reportedly occupied by Azerbaijani armed forces. Various elements believe the region to belong to Azerbaijan, though records describe Armenian towns in the area during the middle ages. Nagorno-Kerabach is usually known by Armenians as Artach. Reports describe Azerbaijani colonisation. One report describes a group of artisans settling: Turkey, France and the u.s. appear to be backing Azerbaijan. Russia are believed to be neutral. Could be u.n. involvement though not specified.

According to a report, the cross community executive is one of four northern Ireland executive parties and the only one to veto extentions to the covid lockdown. The veto mechanism, said to have been engineered in the 2006 St Andrew’s agreement means only one veto is necessary to stop a motion and isn’t restricted to inter-community disputes but can be used elsewhere. According to the report, changes reinforcing the mechanism were rushed through by the dup and sinn fein in July. Dublin have questioned sinn fein’s directive.

Apart from shared objections to covid restrictions, both the dup and sinn fein reportedly wrote a letter to the european commission asking for a mitigation of paperwork for food at ports. The answer was no. The house of lords has rejected clauses in the so called internal markets bill which acknowledge eu border protocol.

Nato, the north atlantic treaty organisation reportedly implements the north atlantic treaty of 1949 which states that member nations must not threaten or use force against u.n. forces or their allies. Described as an international alliance of thirty states; the use of the word state rather than country implies a suzeraine relationship or hierarchy. The chairman of the committee is chief marshal of the royal airforce, and members consist of the u.s., Canada and 28 european countries. All members reportedly have armies except Iceland who are believed to allocate a small number of specialists for unspecified jobs.

Nato began with said to be 12 founding members. As the years passed, more joined. Only three members are nuclear weapon states. The u.s., France and the u.k.

Reported nato forums believed to be for interaction with member states and others include as called Partnership for Peace, Mediterranean Dialogue and the Euro- Atlantic Partnership Council. Partnership for peace was reportedly launched in 1993/4. According to one source the focus was eastern europe, possibly with membership in mind. According to nato the objective was and is training on all levels.

Mediterranean Dialogue focuses on the middle east and north Africa and is thought to have seven members including Israel who were involved in as called Operation Active Endeavour; maritime operations in the middle east, now replaced by the u.k lead as named Operation Sea Guardian. Reportedly involving the prohibition of oil exports according to u.n. sanctions. An additional report is that as of April 2020 the u.n. issued an arms embargo and an oil export prohibition to Libya: Programs were signed with Egypt and Jordan. No details.

The as called Euro-Atlantic partnership council has fifty members including Ireland and reportedly works alongside mediterranean dialogue. Said to be a sucessor to the north Atlantic cooperation council, the first meeting of which was hosted for eastern european nations and the ussr in December 1991. According to one report, during the meeting the soviet ambassador relayed a message that the ussr was dissolving and would cease to exist.

Another initiative is the as called Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe which reportedly employs over 3000 people in various institutions globally and is involved with governments, human rights organisations, the press and elections. According to nato, seven more members joined from an as described Baltic Vilnius group and seven eastern european countries in 2004.

The reported budget for 2019 was set at €1.67 billion. Figures were, the u.s. paid over 22%, Germany 14.76% and the u.k. and France around 10%.