Author: yreape

Queen Elizabeth the Queen mother was born Elizabeth Bowes Lyon. Lyons being a family who lived in Glamis castle in the Scottish lowlands. Reportedly the ninth earl, John Lyon married Mary Bowes whose father, through the control of a cartel of coal mining owners, according to a report left her the richest girl in the uk, perhaps europe. In 1923 Elizabeth married prince Albert who became George VI.

In 1925 Albert and Elizabeth visited northern Ireland and Kenya, Yemen, Uganda and Sudan. The governor-general of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was assassinated in Cairo in November 1924 so Egypt was avoided. Elizabeth II was born in 1926. According to reports, the following year Albert and Elizabeth travelled extensively, journeying to Australia via Jamaica, the Panama canal, Fiji, on to New Zealand and returning via Mauritius, the Suez Canal, Malta and Gibralter: In 1930 at Glamis, Margaret was born. According to a source Elizabeth II spent early years in Bulgaria. May be of Bulghur or Magyar heritage. The Magyar people are thought to have migrated following a feud with Bulghurs and settled elsewhere. They became Huns and later saxons.

In 1936 prince Albert or George VI and Elizabeth became king and queen of Britain, Ireland and the British dominians, and emporer and empress of India. In 1939 the couple toured Canada extensively. It was said to be a success and Elizabeth returned frequently. They also visited president Roosevelt and first lady Eleanor at their estate. Thought to have been a public relations exercise. The second world war began weeks later. The appeasement of nazi Germany was known to be supported by the monarchy, saxon peerage, prime minister Neville Chamberlain, France and others, especially during the early years.

Saxony-Wittenberg, present day Saxony-Anhalt was ruled by the Wettin dynasty, descendants of which are the line of Saxe, Coberg and Gotha. The house of Wettin may have been composed of Bulghurs, possibly Magyars: Though thought to have originated in present day Bulgaria, the name Wettin is derived from the town of Wettin, Saxony-Anhalt. Gaining more and more influence they began to rule large parts of Germany and were said to have played a central role in the protestant reformation. The house of Wettin ascended to the uk and many european thrones. Likewise Magyars, possibly originating from northern Bulgaria have settled elsewhere in various capacities, many retaining an attachment to suzerainty.

George I of Greece, born 1845 replaced the Bavarian king Otto who, believed to be subject to the convention of London and the great powers of the uk, France and Russia isn’t believed to have functioned as an absolute monarchy. A rise of nationalism lead to Greeks insisting on a constitution that would require that there be Greeks on the national council, to which Otto agreed. Even so there was a coup in 1862 and the great powers advised him not to resist. He and Queen Amalia left Greece for Bavaria on a british battle ship.

George I was reportedly the second son of the king and queen of Denmark and nominated by the great powers. In 1889 his eldest son Constantine married princess Sophia of Prussia. Three of their sons ascended to the greek throne. The fourth was Andrew, prince of Greece and Denmark who became the father of prince Philip.

The Greek Turkish war of 1897 occured when Greece tried to reclaim Crete from the Ottoman empire, but the uk, France, Russia and Italy reportedly divided the island. George was appointed high commissioner and a joint muslim-christian assembly was established but this didn’t result in a cessation of hostilities. A greek defeat resulted in a peace treaty and heavy reparations, reportedly leading to the greek economy coming under international scrutiny, and a subsequent coup in 1909.

George I was killed in Thessoliniki in 1913 during the first Balkan war. He was reportedly shot by Alexandros Schinos. Possible socialist or nationalist motives. He was succeeded by Constantine I.

According to reports Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Serbia defeated the Ottoman empire during the first Balkan war. Bulgaria seemingly unsatisfied with the result of the first war began a second Balkan war, Macedonia is thought to have been a factor. Bulgaria fought its former allies and Romania joined in, attacking Bulgaria due to their own territorial disputes. Resulted in the treaty of Constantinople.

The first world war broke out in 1914. Reportedly in 1915 the uk and their allies proposed to side with both Bulgaria and Greece. Bulgaria decided to join Germany and Austria-Hungary in attacking Serbia. Eleftherios Venizelos, a Greek statesman reportedly invited the allies to disembark in Thessoliniki, seemingly so they could help Serbia, but they said they were too late. According to a report, lead to an allied presence in the area as far as Albania. Bulgaria attacked present day northern Macedonia and other Greek and Serbian territory.

Constantine and his eldest son George left Greece in 1917 during the first world war and Alexander, his second son reportedly became king. Said to be inexperieced, he may have been subject to Venizelism, thought to be a nationalist/socialist movement popular until the 1970’s. After three years, following a monkey bite he died of sepsis, which resulted in the return of Constantine and George. Constantine reportedly abdicated again two years later and most of the family were exiled, including Constantine’s younger brother Andrew, father to prince Philip who was born prince of Greece and Denmark.

Constantine was succeeded by George II who reigned from 1922-24 when according to reports following a coup he was exiled to Romania where he reportedly remained until 1934 when the monarchy was restored, but a german invasion in 1941 resulted in his third exile. He settled in London where he is said to have lead the greek government in exile. He died of heart disease in 1947 and having no children his younger brother Paul succeeded him.

Prince Philip’s father, Andrew, fourth son of George I married princess Alice of Battenberg. After the marriage she became known as Princess Andrew. She is thought to have been congenitally deaf. She learnt to lip read. From 1930 she lived apart from her husband. Reportedly she became Anglican and according to a source became involved in charity work.

Alice was sister to Louis, prince of Battenberg, battenberg being a german term meaning, serene highness, though George V is said to have asked that the term, highness be omitted. Another source says Louis anglicised Battenberg to Mountbatten during the first world war, and in order to appease nationalist sentiment George V changed the family name of Saxe, Coburg and Gothia to Windsor.

In 1943 Louis Mountbatten was appointed supreme allied commander of south east Asia. He was reportedly made an earl the following year. Shortly after he became viceroy of British India and oversaw the partitioning of India and Pakistan. In 1952 he became the commander in chief of the royal navy, in charge of protecting trade routes east and thought to be south. He was also nato commander of the allied forces Mediterranean which was said to cover all military operations in the Mediterranean. From 1959 until 1965 he was head of the British armed forces.

According to reports several nights of northern Ireland riots have resulted in the burning of a bus, several psni injuries and 10 arrests, some said to be as young as 13. The riots have been attributed to a border between Britain and northern Ireland in view of post Brexit protocol which allows exports from northern Ireland free access to the southern Ireland and European markets, and may be British protocol.

Reportedly northern Ireland loyalist paramilitaries have withdrawn their support for the Belfast agreement, a thought to be no border policy and the current grace period which waives checks is said to end this month which means checks on both animal and agricultural products are expected to recommence as soon as can be implemented. According to a source the northern Ireland assembly met this morning to consider a motion for a complete and immediate end to violence in loyalist areas.

The united nations integrated strategy for the Sahel, u.n.i.s.s. has resulted in a cross border military presence, reportedly to deal with conflict and crime. An as called support plan for the area covers the period from 2018 to 2030 and was said to have been recalibrated to be aligned to 94% sustainable development goals.

In their report uniss recommends a mobilisation of public resources and private investment for what is described as a land of vast opportunity and one of the richest regions in the world in terms of abundant natural resources such as oil, natural gas, gold, phosphates, diamonds, copper, iron ore, bauxite and precious woods.

Two plans are a Trans Sahara highway, a transnational highway to run from west Africa to the Mediterranean Sea; and a Trans-Saharan gas pipeline from Nigeria to Algeria and european routes.

According to uniss, challenges that may affect the African vision for peace and prosperity are environment, political and security. Problems for local populations are vulnerability, unequal distribution of wealth and lack of access to resources.

Two French soldiers were killed on easter Saturday in Menaka, Mali when their vehicle hit an improvised explosive device. They were said to have been taking part in an intelligence mission not far from the Niger border.

Reportedly three more french soldiers were killed on 22 March when their armoured car hit an explosive device in the Douentza region near the border with Burkina Faso. According to a report president Macron saluted the memory of the three soldiers who died in the accomplishment of their mission. France is said to have 5,100 troops in the area. At least fourty seven have died since 2013. Thought to be protestors to mining or other extraction of assets though attacks are often blamed on religious fanatics. Mining is said to have privatised land.

The regions of Burkina Faso and Niger are according to reports some of the richest in the world in terms of natural resources; according to one report oil, gold and uranium though Niger ranks last at 189/189 in the human development index. Burkino Faso is 185th. Mali is 184.

There are concerns regarding the transparency of extracting companies. It’s difficult to equate an area said to be so rich in natural resources that also ranks 187/188 in the human development index. The problem is believed to be the soil which is reportedly the most degraded in the world, and despite numerous u.n. plus eu peace keeping and aid in the area there is no effective strategy in place to improve land and water in the region.

The as called permanent court of arbitation ruled in 2009 that the Heglig oil field no longer belongs to south Sudan, though other reports say it straddles the north south border, possibly drawn by Britain as Sudan was said to have been governed by a British -Egyptian condominium from 1899 to 1956. Reportedly in practice Britain ensured control. They administered the north and south separately and were said to have discouraged trade between the two. Pressure to unite Sudan is said to have lead in 1946 to northerners holding positions in the south, Arabic becoming the language of administration and the southern elite being kept out of government.

The first Sudanese war broke out in 1955. Reportedly half a million people died. It ended in 1972 with the Addis Ababa agreement which gave religious and cultural autonomy to the south. The second Sudanese war lasted from 1983 to 2005. Both wars were said to be due to inequality, especially with regard to oil resources: An estimated two million people died as a result of the second Sudanese war and a reported four million were displaced in south Sudan.

The two states came into conflict over the greater Nile oil pipeline which begins in the Unity oil field, south Sudan, is 1,600 km long and commenced operation in 1999. Reports are that northern Sudan who have eastern influences own 5% of the Greater Nile Oil pipeline company. Other listed stakeholders are chinese, malaysian and indian nationals.

The Unity oil field in the Rueng district, said to be home to the Dinka people and the Heglig, north of Bientu were reportedly the most productive oil fields in Sudan. Also noted is the Tarjath of the upper Nile region, known to oil companies as block 5 a. Tarjath is situated 60 km south of Bientu and estimated to contain 250 million barrels of oil. Reports were that as in Nigeria, south Sudanese oil revenue was privatised to western interests. Oil exploration has resulted in major displacement of local populations. Tarjath was the scene of extensive fighting during the second Sudanese war. Out of an original population of 240,000, 12,000 people were said to have been killed or died of starvation and 160,000 displaced. Hunger may have been the reason. As called Block 5 A is home to the Nuer people. Other oil fields in the area are Mala, said to contain 24 million barrels of oil, and the Jarayan oil field.

An oil field as yet in the early stages of development is Adar which is estimated to contain 276 million barrels of oil. President Al-Bashir of Sudan was said to have commenced work on the Adar sight in 1997 though Adar is in south Sudan. The Palogue oil field is said to be currently producing 160,000 barrels of oil per day. South Sudan ranks 185/189 in the human development index.

Thracians are said to have been conquered by the romans in the second mid century. Rebellion turned to Christianity. They were said to be superior fighters. Reports of a vicious people are disputed. Archaeology in southern Bulgaria has identified more about them. Said to have occupied most of the Balkan regions including Pannonia in the west. Thrace, south of the Danube except for the land of Bessi was ruled for nearly half a century by Persians under Darius the great who invaded in 513/512 bc. Once overruled they invaded Greece and Macedonia with Persia. The persian troops subjugated gold rich Thrace and the powerful Paeonians.

Thracians lived mainly in the Odrysian kingdom of present day Bulgaria, south eastern Romania, northern Greece and parts of Turkey. They were said to be a vassal state of Macedon for several decades under generals such as Lysimachus of the diadochi, generals of Alexander. Celts are said to have settled in Thrace around 3rd Century bc and advanced to Anatolia, present day Turkey reportedy establishing the kingdom of Galatia.

Thracia became an official Roman province. The central governing authority was in Perinthus, Turkey. Roman authority in elsewhere is thought to have relied on soldiers. Repeated attacks from migrating germanic tribes may have resulted in over a hundred legionary fortresses. People living in Thrace and the surrounding areas became known as the Bessi. Plato described Thracians as being extravagant and high spirited. Portraying them as a war like nation, he grouped them with Celts, Persians, Scythians, Iberians and Carthaginians: Polyaenus and Strabo wrote of Strathians breaking a truce with trickery. Reportedly the Dii were responsible for atrocities of the Peloponnesian war.

Thracians and Macedonians revolted against Roman rule though a few tribes such as the Deneletae and the Bessi aligned to Rome. Bessi are believed to originate from Bessapara, Bulgaria. The Sapaei came to the fore. Rhoemetalces III and his wife Pythodorus II were reportedly rulers of the Sapaean kingdom of Thrace under Roman rule from 38-46 ordinary time. They succeeded Pythodoris’s mother Tryphaena and her brother Rhoemetalces II. Rhoemetalces III was reportedly murdered by his wife who was also his cousin.

Many Thracians are said to have disappeared, perhaps early 5th Century, possibly migrated. Some scholars believe there may have been a move to south eastern Europe. Perhaps west. According to sources there appearance was of red or dark hair and blue eyes and typical of the Bulgarian people.

Macedon/Macedonia was an ancient kingdom reportedly on the periphery of ancient Greece, and for some time became part of an empire that encompassed the near and middle east. Said to have been founded and initially ruled by the Argead dynasty which was followed by Antipatid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the religion was reportedly Greek polytheism. Macedonia was said to have been a vassal for Persia 511-493 BC.

The term Macedonia is said to mean tall and thought to pertain to indegenous Macedonians. Prior to the 4th Century the kingdom was said to correspond to western and central Macedonia. Reported to have gradually expanded into regions inhabited by the Greek Lyncestae and Elimioate tribes and into the regions of Emathia, Eordaia, Bottiaea, Mygdonea, Crestonia and Almopia, that is mainly Greece and present day Greek Macedonia. Persian hegemony is documented. Macedonia was expected to provide troops for Persia and reportedly fought with Persia during their second invasion of Greece in 480/479 BC and in the battle of Platea. The Greek victory in Salamis in 480 BC marked the end of Persian dominance.

Difficulties with Greece are documented during the reign of Philip II. War on four occasions was followed by a Greek colonisation of the Strymon River and the founding of the colonial city of Amphipolis, 437/436 BC which would provide Athens with gold, silver, timber and pitch to finance and build ships. In 417 BC there followed a blockade on Macedonian seaports and an invasion of Chalcidice by a coalition of Argos and the Athenian navy. In 414 BC Perdiccas II was said to have sued for peace which resulted in a deal. More timber was provided for the Athenian navy and Athens provided ships in the 410 siege of Pydna.

Macedonia was a small independent kingdom surrounded by city states, and during the reign of the Argead King Philip II 359-336 BC is said to have dominated mainland Greece and Thrace, reportedly through a mixture of diplomacy and conquest. Philip is said to have spent his adolescent years as a political prisoner in Thebes under General Epaminondas.He married Olympias in an alliance with Arrybus, the king of Epirus. Their son was Alexander III who became known as the great. Alexander’s empire once covered mainland Greece, Israel named Assyrio Palestine under Persia, Egypt, Babylonia, Syria and reportedly much of central and southern Asia including modern day Punjab: Greek philosophy such as Aristotle and Plato and other Greek culture became popular.

There were many battles. Between 357 and 355 BC Athenians were fighting the social war. The battle of the Crocus Field in 352 BC was followed by the Olynthian war of 349-348 BC. According to a report Philip II gave refuge to Hellespontine Phrygia Artabazos for a decade during the fourth Century BC, thereby supporting a rebellion against the central authority of the persian king Artaxerxes III. Hellespontine’s daughter married Philip’s son Alexander. Olynthus was captured by Macedonia during this time and its inhabitants sold into slavery including Athenians. Philip was given two seats on the Ampyctionic council and the position of master of ceremonies in the Pythion games. Athens objected.

In 342 BC Philip invaded a Thracian city now named Plovdiv in present day Bulgaria. The as called fourth sacred war occured in 339 BC, and the battle of Chaeronia occured in 338 BC between Macedonia and the city states of Athens, Megara, Corinth, Megaera and Euboea. Macedonia won, established an oligarchy in Thebes and planned to make use of the Athenian navy to fight Persia.

Though Macedonia was reportedly excluded from the league of Corinth (a formation of city states apart from Sparta) Philip II was said to have been elected as leader hegemon of its council or synedrion, and the commander in chief to invade the Persians. When Philip married Cleopatre Eurydice, niece of general Attalus, Alexander III, Philip’s son from a previous marriage left for Epirus with his mother Olympias. Philip then arranged a marriage between his son Arridaeus and Ada daughter of Pixodarus an administrator of the Persian regime in Caria. Alexander intervened, proposing to take his place. Philip cancelled the wedding and Alexander’s advisors were ostracized. Philip was assasinated in another wedding feast in 336 BC. Alexander was chosen to succeed him by a group of army generals and aristocrats, chief among them was Antipater, deputy hegemon of the league of Corinth.

In 335 BC Alexander fought against the Thracian tribes of the Balkans. They were said to have surrendered on Peuce Island. He attacked the Dardani at Pelion, modern day Albania and besieged Thebes. Six thousand Thebians were killed, thirty thousand taken as prisoners of war and the city was burnt to the ground.

Alexander was said to have personally lead many battles. The battle of Granicus in 334 BC to free Asia Minor was followed by the battle of Issus which was said to have resulted in the Persian king Darius retreating. Likewise the battle of Gaugamela in 331. More battles with Persia, reportedly in Afghanistan, India and Babylonia. Success was followed by alliances in the form of marriages into the Persian royal court. According to reports Alexander had a policy that Greek soldiers intermarry and settle in Israel or Assyrio Palestine, Asia and perhaps elsewhere throughout the empire.

When Alexander died in 323 BC his mother said he had been poisoned by Antipater who was of a different branch of the family. Reportedly the army council chose Alexander’s half brother Philip to succeed him. Chiliarch Perdiccas was chosen as regent, but civil war or the wars of the diadochi that is the former generals of Alexander’s army followed. Antipater, Alexander’s second in command died in 319 BC which was said to have left a power vacuum. Antipater Antigonus was elected as new regent but died a year or two later. He was said to have chosen Polyperchon, a general of Greek heritage rather than allowing Philip III the right to choose his own regent. In doing so he was seen to pass over his son Cassander. Forming an alliance with Ptolemy and others Cassander gave orders to capture the Munichia fortress in the Athenian port town, Piraeus. Polyperchon had decreed that Greek cities should be free of Macedonian garrisons.

A joint force of Argeads invaded Macedonia and forced the surrender of Philip III. The king, queen and dozens of Macedonian nobles were said to have been killed. Some sources say by order of Olympias who was placed on trial by Cassander and put to death. Others say she died during Cassander’s siege of Pydna.

The partition of Triparadisis in Syria, 321 BC by Alexander’s generals named Perdiccas, thought to be son of the Macedonian prince Orontes as regent of the empire, and arranged territorial rights for themselves as administrators. By 306/305 BC Alexander’s generals had declared themselves kings.

The Macedonian empire was overtaken by mainland Greece and subsequently became part of the Greek empire which replaced a persian empire. At the end of the third Macedonian war in 168 BC the monarchy was abolished by Rome. The fourth Macedonian war of 150-148 BC resulted in the roman state of Macedonia which is thought to correspond to both ancient Macedonia and modern day Greek Macedonia.

The region of Macedonia is thought to be populated by approximately 51% Greek Macedonians who reportedly live almost entirely in the region of Greek Macedonia along with other Greeks and Bulgarians. North Macedonia for reasons unexplained has not been identified as Macedonian land. Northern Macedonia is reportedly mainly populated by a slavic speaking ethnic group who self identify as ethnic Macedonians though are believed to be of Bulgarian descent.

In November 2020 according to reports Bulgaria objected to opening talks between north Macedonia and the eu with a view to Macedonia joining; reportedly until northern Macedonia is retermed northern Republic of Macedonia and acknowledges the Bulgarian roots of the Macedonian language.

The use of the name Macedonia has been disputed by Greece for 28 years who cited cultural and irredesent concerns. The name Macedonia was changed to northern Macedonia in 2018 after u.n. lead discussions with the two parties, leading to the prespa agreement.